灾害与两汉社会研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 20:21

本文选题：灾害社会学 + 中国古代历史　；参考：《华中师范大学》2001年博士论文

【摘要】： 往古以来，中国灾害频仍，对中国社会产生了深远的影响，西方学者因此而称中国为“饥荒的国度”。本文以灾害为切入点，以“灾害与社会”为主题，将中国古代早期历史阶段——两汉社会作为研究对象，从诸多方面对“灾害与社会”这一问题进行研究。全文由七部分组成：导论。从宏观的方面论述灾害对人类文明的影响，以说明从历史学的角度研究“灾害与社会”这一主题的必要性和深远意义，并对两汉灾害与社会的研究情况、本文的思路等问题略加说明。第一章对两汉旱、水、地震、虫灾、疾疫和雪、霜、冻、风、雹等灾害进行具体研究，主要从时、空等方面探索众灾发生的概况，力求寻找各灾发生的规律；同时，本部分又是以后几章对“灾害与社会”这一问题展开研究的基础和背景。第二章从现代科学的角度出发，从自然和社会两大方面探析两汉灾害发生的原因。本文认为，季风与环流、变动不居的气候、天文异常等是引起两汉灾害多发的主要原因；而两汉时不当的生产开发活动、生活的浮侈和战争等对生态的破坏，是该期灾害发生不可忽视的社会因子。鉴于气候是影响古代灾害发生的要因，本章在充分吸收和借鉴学术界两汉气候史研究成果的前提下，对两汉时期的气候状况进行了重点的考察，提出了自己的一孔之见。本文认为，两汉时气候的冷暖变迁，似乎并不如以往学者所言西汉暖而东汉冷的状况，而是西汉略为寒冷而东汉稍暖，且冷暖经常波动；干湿也是变动不定，变动无常。第三章为两汉灾害思想研究。笔者认为，灾、异在两汉时具有一定的区别，本章对之稍加辨析，并以此为基础，将两汉灾害思想分为四个主要方面进行研究，即灾害的阴阳五行说、灾害的天谴说、灾害的天体运行式解释和灾害的天道自然式的解释。本文在对这些灾害思想进行归纳的同时，根据当时的具体实际情况，分别对之予以相应的评说。第四、五、六章分别对灾害与两汉政治、经济和文化等三个问题加以探讨。由于灾害的破坏性影响和灾害思想的作用，两汉政治生活中留有十分显著的灾害印记，两汉时期的许多诏令、国家政策和措施，如皇帝下诏谴己责臣、人事任免等等，，大多是在灾害或灾异屡发的时代背景下制订和颁发的，并围绕灾害、灾异而付诸实施的。 —— 因此笔者认为：从意识形态和政治实践上看，两汉君主专制政治在某种程度上说，其本质就是灾害政治。灾害与两汉经济的关系，本文主要从灾害对两汉经济的影响、两汉荒政思想和荒政实践等三大方面来展开研究的。灾害对两汉经济的影响，总的说来是消极的。这种消极。作用可通过以下三点来说明：第一，灾害对两汉小农经济的打击；第二，灾害对两汉国家财政经济的制约，是影响两汉经济发展波动的要因；第三，对两汉区域经济的发展具有消极的平衡作用。本文对两汉时荒政思想的系统研究，主要是从积贮备荒、重农、仓储、赈济等四个～。方面来进行的，并对其特点、作用及其在历史中的地位有所概括，这在两汉历史的研究上尚属首次。由于灾害多发，荒政实践因此而成为两汉经济活动中的一件要事，加之以诸如政治、经济等社会因素的影响作用，两汉荒政实践具有明显的时代性。本文对这些皆有详尽的探讨和分析。灾害与两汉文化的关系，可以两点来概括之：一是文化事象对两汉灾害的反映，如两汉文献对历史灾害的记载等；二是灾害对文化的影响，许多文化事象都留有灾害的印记，或者说某些文化事象的出现就是灾害的产物，如两汉祈雨礼俗等。本文重点以两汉灾异五家说、灾害与两汉文献、揖灾礼仪（以祈雨礼俗为解剖点）等三大文化事象来折射灾害与两汉文化问的关系：首先，两汉时期是经学极盛的时代，在经学的影响和作用下，两汉时说灾论异者无不援用经学典籍。由于说者所据经学元典的有异，由此形成了两汉灾异学说的多元性。” 本文根据历史记载，将两汉时的灾异学说分为五家，即（春秋》家、《尚书》家、《易》家、《诗》家和《礼记》家等，并对五家学说的主要代表人、相关思想及其特点等略加概括。其次，从灾害历史文献学的角度，全面地考察了两《汉书》“五行志”在历史灾害研究方面的巨大价值。二最后，对灾害与两汉文化的副产品——洱灾礼仪（以祈雨礼俗为例）的关系进行探讨。
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, disasters in China have had a profound impact on Chinese society, and Western scholars call it China.
For the "famine country", this article takes disaster as the breakthrough point and takes "disaster and society" as the theme.
In the historical stage, the Han society as a research object studied the problem of "disaster and society" from many aspects.
The full text consists of seven parts:
From the macroscopic point of view, this paper discusses the impact of disasters on human civilization, so as to illustrate "disaster" from the perspective of history.
The necessity and far-reaching significance of the theme of "harm and society", and the study of disasters and society in Han Dynasty.
The road and other questions are briefly explained.
The first chapter makes a detailed study on drought, water, earthquake, insect pest, disease and snow, frost, freezing, wind, hail and other disasters in the Han Dynasty.
The main purpose of this study is to explore the general situation of disasters from time, space and so on.
It is also the basis and background for the following chapters to study the problem of "disaster and society".
The second chapter, from the perspective of modern science, explores the causes of disasters in the Han Dynasty from two aspects of nature and society.
This paper holds that the main causes of disasters in the Han Dynasty are monsoon and circulation, changing climate and astronomical anomalies.
The destruction of ecology in the Han Dynasty, such as improper production and development activities, extravagance of life and war, was the result of the disaster.
Social factors are negligible. In view of the fact that climate is the cause of ancient disasters, this chapter fully absorbs and draws lessons from it.
Under the premise of the research achievements of climate history in the Han Dynasty, we focused on the climatic conditions in the Han Dynasty.
In my opinion, the cold and warm changes in the Han Dynasty do not seem to be as warm as those mentioned by scholars in the past.
The cold condition in the Eastern Han Dynasty was slightly cold in the Western Han Dynasty and slightly warmer in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Change is impermanence.
The third chapter is the study of disaster thoughts in Han Dynasty.
On the basis of this analysis, the Han Dynasty's disaster thoughts are divided into four main aspects, namely, the disaster's Yin.
Yang's five elements said that the scourge of calamity, the interpretation of the heavenly bodies and the natural interpretation of disasters.
To sum up these disaster thoughts, we should make corresponding comments on them according to the actual situation at that time.
The fourth, fifth and six chapters respectively discuss three issues of disaster and Han Han politics, economy and culture.
Because of the destructive effects of disasters and the role of disaster thinking, there are very significant disaster prints in the political life of the Han Dynasty.
Remember, many decrees in the Han Dynasty, national policies and measures, such as the emperor's decrees, his appointments, his appointments and dismissal, etc.
It was formulated and issued under the background of frequent disasters or disasters, and implemented around disasters and disasters.
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Therefore, the author thinks that from the perspective of ideology and political practice, the monarchical autocratic politics of Han Dynasty is, to some extent, its essence.
Quality is the politics of disaster.
The relationship between calamity and Han economy is mainly affected by calamities in the Han Dynasty.
Practice and other three aspects of the study. Disasters on the Han Dynasty's economic impact, in general, is negative.
The role can be explained through three points: first, disasters strike the small peasant economy in the Han Dynasty; second, disasters to the Han states.
The financial and economic constraints of the family are the factors that affect the economic development of the Han Dynasty. Third, the development of the Han Han's regional economy
There is a negative balance.
This paper systematically studies the thoughts of famine in the Han Dynasty, mainly from four aspects: accumulation, preparation for famine, heavy farming, warehousing, and relief.
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It is a historical study of Han Dynasty and its characteristics, functions and status in history.
It is the first time.
Because of the frequent disasters, the practice of famine relief has become an important matter in the economic activities of the Han Dynasty.
The influence of economic and other social factors on the practice of famine relief in the Han Dynasty has obvious times.
Discussion and analysis.
The relationship between disasters and Han culture can be summed up in two aspects: first, the reflection of cultural phenomena on disasters in the Han Dynasty.
The records of the Han Dynasty's literature on historical disasters and so on; two, the impact of disasters on culture, and many cultural phenomena are printed with disasters.
Remember, or the emergence of certain cultural phenomena is the product of disasters, such as praying for rain and etiquette and custom in the Han Dynasty.
According to the five disaster families, disasters and the three Han cultural documents, such as the Han Dynasty literature, the disaster ritual (taking the etiquette of praying for rain as the anatomical point), etc.
The relationship between the shooting disaster and the cultural question of the Han Dynasty:
First of all, the Han Dynasty was the age of great learning. Under the influence and function of Confucian classics, there was no difference between the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty.
Because of the differences between Confucian classics and Confucian classics, the diversity of theories of calamity and calamity in Han Dynasty was formed.
According to historical records, the theories of calamity and calamity in the Han Dynasty are divided into five families, namely, the spring and Autumn period, the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty and the Yi Dynasty.
The family, the family of poetry and the book of rites and so on, and the main representatives of the five theories, their thoughts and their characteristics are briefly summarized.
Including.
Secondly, from the perspective of disaster historical philology, a comprehensive survey of two Han books and five lines of records in historical disasters was made.
The great value of it. Two
Finally, we explore the relationship between disasters and the byproduct of Han culture, the etiquette of etiquette (taking the etiquette of praying for rain as an example).
Please.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：K234

【引证文献】