两周时期采邑制度的演变

发布时间：2018-06-01 10:13

本文选题：两周时期 + 采邑　；参考：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：采邑制度是两周时期重要的政治制度,对其相关问题的研究,是近年来学界重点关注的问题。本文对于两周时期采邑制度演变情况的讨论,按照时间发展顺序,分为西周时期、春秋时期、战国时期三个部分。力图通过对每个历史阶段采邑制度典型特征的考证,探究采邑制度在两周时期演变的原因、过程以及意义。本文首先讨论了西周时期金文中“采”的性质与采邑的类型。西周金文中所见的“采”指的是某一地域具有一定范围的土地,其上之田地、城邑、河流、民人、居所均属于采邑主所有,采邑主通过获取属民提供的生产成果或者享受属民通过服役提供的各种服务来维持其家族的生存与繁衍,并实现对其采邑进行有效控制之目的。封授采邑不受地域限制,既有畿内贵族采邑,亦存在设在边地带有军事之目的采邑。在封授采邑的同时,附着于土地上的民人也一同被赐予。采邑主既拥有为自己提供服务的臣妾,也有在田地上耕作的农民。西周时期采邑的管理模式是通过家臣来进行统治,采邑主并未直接参与。西周时期采邑分为两种类型,一是周王赏赐之采邑,一是诸侯或者采邑主赏赐之采邑。针对前人对西周时期采邑的城邑、土田形态以及民人组织、军事武装的模糊认识,本文结合金文资料、考古发掘材料与传世文献予以综合考察。西周时期采邑的城邑分为主邑和附属于主邑的小邑两种类型,并且形成了“主邑——边邑”和“主邑——次级邑——小邑”两种层级关系；西周时期采邑之土田有非常明晰的界限,或以树木为界,或以道路为疆。土田附属于邑之周围,与邑相连或者相隔。采邑土田之地形复杂,包括山、林、川、泽；采邑中从事生产劳动的属民一般是以族氏为单位为采邑主提供服务。西周中晚期,采邑内部的属民地位有所变化,地位较低的人晋升成为采邑主身边重要的家臣；采邑的军事武装以族为编制单位,多奉王命进行对外战争。进入春秋时期,采邑制度有了长足的发展。具体表现为：第一,采邑类型的多样化。主要表现为在西周时期采邑类型的基础上出现了许多新的类型,并且突破了以往封授的规则,出现了封授采邑随意化的倾向：第二,采邑的城邑形态有了新的变化。主要表现为控制范围变大、城邑规模的违制以及新城邑群结构的显现；第三,贵族所属的军事武装实力强大。主要有三个显著特点：是族兵并非是由一族之人构成,二是族兵的成分也很复杂,三是战斗力极其强悍。采邑主一旦掌控地方都邑兵,公室之兵则变为私家之军事力量,此成为国家不稳定的根源；第四,春秋时期采邑出现了新的民人组织类型,被称为“党”或者“徒”。党包括军队中的车兵将领及步兵之帅,还包括大夫之弟、有采邑者、世家大族之婿以及武士。作为采邑主支持者之“徒”,不仅包括家臣,当然还包括自己的支持者。春秋时期采邑之民与公室之民存在转换的现象。战国时期封君制度下的封邑相较于传统采邑而言,既有与其相类似的楚国封君封邑,也有发生了质变的三晋以及秦国的封君封邑。首先,战国时期楚国封君以及中下级贵族封邑土田形态与春秋时期类似,但亦出现了自由买卖、分田而耕等新的特点。楚国封君统辖范围内之民人与封君的隶属关系,没有春秋时期采邑主与所属民人关系牢固；其次,战国时期三晋封君在其封邑内设置职官,以及为自己服务的各种机构。齐国封君在其封邑内从事一些经济活动,与封邑内属民的关系只是经济上的关系。秦国封君的封邑相对较小；再次,封君宾客的身份来源颇为复杂,大部分仅是通过取得宾客身份而获得一份长期可提供食宿的工作；第四,战国晚期封君出现独立倾向,是由于封君之封邑与采邑制度存在制度上的联系。
[Abstract]:The system is an important political system in the two - week period , which is the focus of the academic circle in recent years . This paper is divided into three parts : the Western Zhou Dynasty , the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period according to the sequence of time development .

This paper first discusses the nature of the " mining " and the type of the cities in the western Zhou Dynasty . The " mining " as seen in the Jin Wen of the Western Zhou Dynasty refers to the land which has a certain range in a certain region .

In view of the former ' s vague understanding of the cities , land forms and people ' s organization and military armed forces during the Western Zhou Dynasty , this paper makes a comprehensive study on the materials of Jinwen and archaeological excavation materials and the literature .
The land fields of the cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty have very clear limits , or the trees are bound , or the roads are Xinjiang . The land is attached to the cities and is separated from the cities . The terrain of the cities of the cities is complicated , including mountains , forests , rivers and Ze ;
In the middle and late of the Western Zhou Dynasty , the status of the people in the cities changed , and those with lower status promoted the promotion of the people in the cities to become the most important ministers around the cities .
The military arm of the cities is a unit of the ethnic group , serving the king ' s life to carry out the foreign wars .

In the Spring and Autumn Period , the development of the cities of the cities is characterized by the diversification of the first and the types of cities . The main performance is that there are many new types on the basis of the type of the cities in the Western Zhou Dynasty .
Third , the military strength of the noble belongs to the powerful . There are three main characteristics : the clan soldier is not composed of one group of people , the second is the composition of the family soldier is very complicated , the third is the fighting force is extremely strong . When the city master controls the place , the army of the public office becomes the military power of the private home , which becomes the root cause of the instability of the country ;
Fourth , during the Spring and Autumn Period , the cities of the Spring and Autumn Period appeared the new type of people ' s organization , called the " Party " or " disciple " . The Party included the commanders of the army and the commander of the infantry . He also included the younger brother of the doctor , the son - in - law of the family and the warrior . As the " disciple " of the main supporter of the city , not only the family minister , but also his supporters . The people in the cities of the Spring and Autumn Period had a transition from the people of the public office .

The feudal lords of the Warring States Period were similar to those of the traditional cities , and the feudal lords of the three Jin Dynasties and the Qin States of the Warring States Period were similar to those of the traditional cities . First of all , the state of Chu in the Warring States Period was similar to that in the Spring and Autumn Period , but they also appeared the new characteristics of free trade and field cultivation .
Secondly , during the Warring States Period , the leaders of the three Jin Dynasties were set up in their feudal cities , and the various institutions serving their own services were set up . Qi Guizong was engaged in some economic activities in his capital cities . The relations with the people in the feudal lords were only economic relations .
Again , the identity of the guests is complex , mostly by obtaining a guest ' s identity and obtaining a long - term accommodation ;
Fourthly , the development of the independence tendency in the late Warring States Period was due to the link between the feudal lords and the system of the cities .
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D691.2;K224

【参考文献】