唐朝政府农业经济职能研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 19:39

本文选题：唐朝政府 + 农业经济　；参考：《云南大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：农业作为国民经济的基础,农业基础设施的公共物品特性,农业的弱质产业特征以及农产品供给需求弹性小等因素都决定了政府干预农业的必要。纵观有唐一代,唐朝政府采用行政手段、法律手段以及经济手段一直努力改善实现农业效率的诸多条件。本文从三个方面考察了唐朝政府农业经济职能：资源配置职能,主要指农业公共物品供给、土地资源配置及产权界定保护；经济稳定与发展职能,主要包括扶持农业生产、保证农业劳动力投入、健全粮食仓储体系和稳定粮食价格；收入分配职能,即农业收益分配,主要指农业赋税制度。具体包括以下六个方面内容：第一部分,分析归纳了小农经济背景下的唐朝政府职能的特点,并从需求与供给的视角分析唐朝政府农业经济职能。现实社会中的政府职能是政府对其内外环境的需求进行分析、选择和确认的结果,它是作为供给方的政府与作为需求方的社会在共同博弈中形成的。唐朝政府职能特点是：政治统治职能占主导并履行一定的社会服务职能,其政治统治职能往往是通过举办和管理公共工程等社会服务来实现；由于政府主体在政治力量对比与资源配置权力上均处于绝对优势地位,所以政府是决定职能供给的主导力量,形成了供给主导型的政府职能；从最基本的“守夜人”职能开始,宏观调控职能、政府管制职能、直接经营职能反映了唐朝政府全面介入社会经济生活；针对农业经济运行中“市场失灵”现象,唐朝政府表现出突出的农业经济职能。第二部分,考察了唐朝政府土地配置与产权保护职能。出于巩固政权,获取财政收入以及争夺劳动力的需要,以及政府掌握着大量土地资源并具备了土地配置政策实施需要的组织体制。唐政府通过建立以均田制为载体的土地产权结构保证了其制度供给意愿与小农的制度需求相结合,促进了唐朝农业经济的发展。但是,均田制度管理成本,维持成本以及委托代理下监督管制成本却不容忽视,最终,均田制度下的交易费用逐渐增大而制度收益却逐渐减少且最终成本大于收益。唐政府对私人土地产权的保护,有着细致、缜密的规定。在对私人土地产权的保护中处处体现出国家主权意志和统治意志,反映出政策目标在于控制产权,政府干预和管制造成了私人产权的残缺。第三部分,考察了唐朝政府农业生产的保障职能。唐朝政府推行劝农政策和保证农时政策,劝课农桑作为地方行政官员的首要职责；从制定历法、农书修撰、提供耕牛、推广先进生产工具、农业虫害防治等方面考察了唐朝政府推广农业先进技术的职能；政府采取多种途径解决农业劳动力不足保证了农业生产对劳动力的需求；放宽了劳动力流动的限制,赋予了民众一定的迁徙权,社会流动带来了地区间的技术传播、扩散；“纳资代役”在唐朝的普遍推行,赋予了民众劳役的选择权,增加了劳动者自由支配劳动时间的权利；以正仓为主体的国家粮食储备、以“义仓”为主体的专项救灾储备和以“常平仓”为主体平抑粮价的粮食储备构成了唐朝粮食仓储体系,为唐政府履行灾荒赈济,平抑粮价,实现粮食安全以及维持农业再生产奠定了较为坚实的基础。第四部分,考察了唐朝农业赋税制度。农业赋税实质上是农业收益分配问题,是国家和农民的利益关系问题,也是考察唐政府取得财政收入的方式、渠道。从租庸调制向两税法的制度变迁,既基于劳动力——土地相对价格的变化,也是唐中央与地方政府在权衡了各自的成本收益后所作出的理性选择。通过租庸调及两税法在内容、特点、对资源配置的影响、存在的制度缺陷等方面的考察,以及赋税蠲免政策,指出“黄宗羲定律”存在的根源,是帝制皇权拥有绝对的制税权,财政税收制度建立在一种“软预算约束”和“软法律约束”之上以及委托—代理制下的“败德”行为。第五部分,以农业水利设施建设为例考察了唐朝农业公共物品的供给制度。首先归纳总结了唐朝农业公共物品供给的制度特征,表现为：政府主导型制度安排；自上而下的供给决策机制;供给容易受到其他财政支出项目的冲击,具有较大的不稳定性；农业公共物品供给中包含了大量力役投入。其次,考察了唐朝水利灌溉设施治理制度。以唐朝政府决策、组织、指挥、监督为主体的集权型的水利灌溉治理模式,行政权力在更大范围上的运用解决了公共物品供给中的集体行动与“搭便车”问题。官办模式表现为,由政府颁布的正式的水利法规和规章制度；从中央到地方完善的水利管理机构和不同层级职责明确的水利管理者；水利工程严格的申报程序；用水的分配与协调以及人员的调用安排等。唐朝政府以立法的形式对灌溉用水严格控制和管理,通过上游与下游用水量分配、农作物之间的浇灌顺序、灌溉时间等制度规定,确保了小农平等享用水利灌溉的基本权利。以官修为主的农田水利灌溉保障了农业生产的用水需求并支撑了唐朝社会的强盛。第六部分,以唐后期的财政体制改革为切入点,考察了财政分权改革后地方政府的农业经济职能。两税三分制的财政分权改革,唐中央与地方政府间的财政资源进行重新配置,使道节度使、州刺史所代表的地方政府成为辖区内的真正剩余索取者和控制者。财权与事权的匹配,地方政府承接了一部分中央政府一直有心却无力承担的农业经济职能。地方政府更贴近于民众,更了解它所管辖区内民众的效用与需求,因而由地方政府提供公共物品,更有可能使所提供的农业公共物品贴近当地实际需要。地方政府因地制宜地采取相应的措施,积极新修水利,发展农业生产,培养民力,保障税源,以及代贫穷户纳税,赈济救灾等。促进了唐后期地方社会经济的发展,尤其促进了中晚唐南方地区社会经济的发展。第七部分,总结和评价唐朝政府农业经济职能。在国家力量作用下的制度变革和制度创新对引起经济增长和发展的各种要素起着极为重要的主导和诱使作用,强调了制度是影响唐朝农业经济发展的内生变量。唐朝农业经济的发展,既源于生产力发展的必然结果,又源于唐朝政府主导的制度变迁。首先,从六个方面对唐朝政府农业经济职能进行了总结。其次,从职能到位、缺位和越位三个方面总体评价了唐政府的农业经济职能。唐朝政府农业经济职能的履行,印证了专制主义中央集权体制既是农业经济发展的保障,在一定程度上又制约了农业经济的发展。对于唐朝政府履行农业经济职能,农业管理的各种政策、措施及其成效,我们应该是给予充分的肯定。
[Abstract]:As the basis of the national economy, the characteristics of the public goods of the agricultural infrastructure, the characteristics of the weak quality of agriculture and the small elasticity of the supply and demand of the agricultural products all determine the necessity of the government's intervention in agriculture. This article examines the agricultural economic function of the government of the Tang Dynasty from three aspects: resource allocation function, mainly refers to the supply of agricultural public goods, the allocation of land resources and the definition and protection of property rights; the function of economic stability and development, mainly including supporting agricultural production, ensuring the input of agricultural labor force, perfecting the grain storage system and stability. The grain price and the income distribution function, that is, the distribution of agricultural income, mainly refers to the agricultural tax system. It includes the following six aspects:
The first part analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of the government functions of the Tang Dynasty under the background of the small peasant economy, and analyzes the government's agricultural economic function from the perspective of demand and supply. The government function in the real society is the result of the government's analysis, selection and confirmation of the internal and external environment, which is the government and the demand side of the supply side. The function of the government function of the Tang Dynasty is that the political rule is dominated and performs a certain social service function, and its political rule is often realized through the social services such as holding and managing public works, and the government is in absolute terms in the comparison of political power and the power of allocation of resources. As a dominant force, the government is the dominant force in the supply of functions, forming a supply leading government function; starting from the most basic "night watchman" function, the macro-control function, the government regulation function and the direct operation function reflect the government's comprehensive intervention in the social economic life in the Tang Dynasty, and the "market failure" in the operation of agricultural economy. In the Tang Dynasty, the government of the Tang Dynasty displayed prominent agricultural economic functions.
In the second part, the land allocation and property rights protection functions of the government of the Tang Dynasty were investigated. In order to consolidate the government, obtain the financial income and the demand for the labor force, the government has a large number of land resources and has the organizational system for the implementation of the land allocation policy. The combination of the willingness to supply the system and the demand of the small farmers has promoted the development of the agricultural economy in the Tang Dynasty. However, the cost of management, the cost of maintenance and the cost of supervision and control under the principal-agent can not be ignored. Finally, the transaction costs of the system are gradually increasing and the system income is gradually reduced and the final cost is greater than that of the system. Income. The Tang government has detailed and meticulous regulations for the protection of private land property rights. It embodies the sovereignty will and ruling will of the state in the protection of the property rights of private land, reflecting the policy goal of controlling property rights, and the government intervention and control have caused the imperfection of private property rights.
The third part inspected the safeguard function of the government agricultural production in the Tang Dynasty. The government carried out the policy of advizing agriculture and the policy of ensuring the agricultural time, persuaded the rural mulberry to be the primary duty of the local administrative officials, and studied the government's promotion of agriculture from the aspects of the formulation of the calendar, the compilation of agricultural books, the supply of cattle, the promotion of advanced production tools, and the prevention and control of agricultural pests. The government took the function of technology; the government adopted a variety of ways to solve the shortage of agricultural labor to ensure the demand of agricultural production to the labor force; relaxed the restrictions on the flow of labor, gave the people a certain right of migration, the social flow brought about the spread of technology and spread between the regions; the "inclusive service" was widely carried out in the Tang Dynasty and endowed the people. The right of labour choice has increased the right of laborers to freely control working time; the National Grain Reserve with the main body as the main body, the special relief reserve with "the barn" as the main body, and the grain reserve of the "constant warehouse" as the main body, constitute the grain storage system of the Tang Dynasty, and carry out the famine relief for the Tang government, suppress the grain price, and realize the grain price, and realize the grain price, and realize the grain price and realize the grain price. Food security and the maintenance of agricultural reproduction laid a solid foundation.
The fourth part examines the tax system of agriculture in the Tang Dynasty. In essence, agricultural taxation is the issue of agricultural income distribution, the relationship between the interests of the state and the peasants, and the way to investigate the income of the Tang government, and the channel. The change from the renting mediocrity to the two tax law is based on the change of the labor force - the relative price of land and the middle of the Tang Dynasty. The central government and the local government have made a rational choice after weighing their own cost and income. Through renting the mediocre adjustment and the two tax law in the content, the characteristics, the influence of the resource allocation, the existing institutional defects, and the tax exemption policy, it points out that the root of the "Huang Zongxi's law" is that the imperial power has the absolute tax system and the money. The tax system is based on a kind of "soft budget constraint" and "soft legal constraint" and the "moral failure" behavior under the principal agent system.
The fifth part, taking the construction of agricultural water conservancy facilities as an example, investigates the supply system of agricultural public goods in the Tang Dynasty. First, it summarizes the institutional characteristics of the supply of agricultural public goods in the Tang Dynasty, which is characterized by the government led institutional arrangement; the top-down supply decision-making mechanism; the supply capacity is vulnerable to the impact of other financial expenditure projects. Large amount of instability; the supply of agricultural public goods contains a large number of force service input. Secondly, the management system of water conservancy irrigation facilities in the Tang Dynasty is investigated. The centralized water conservancy irrigation management model with the government decision-making, organization, command and supervision as the main body of the Tang Dynasty, and the collective use of administrative power to solve the collective supply of public goods in the supply of public goods. Action and "hitchhiker" problem. The official model is manifested by the official water conservancy regulations and regulations promulgated by the government; the water conservancy management institutions from the central to the local areas and the clear water conservancy managers at different levels; strict application procedures for water conservancy projects; the allocation and coordination of water use and the arrangements for the call of personnel. The government strictly controls and manages irrigation water in the form of legislation. Through the allocation of water consumption in the upstream and downstream, irrigation sequence between crops, irrigation time and other regulations, the basic rights of small farmers are guaranteed equal to the water irrigation. Irrigation and water irrigation based on official repair guarantees the demand for water use in agricultural production and supports it. The Tang Dynasty was strong in society.
The sixth part, taking the reform of the financial system in the late Tang Dynasty as the breakthrough point, inspected the agricultural economic function of the local government after the reform of fiscal decentralization. The fiscal decentralization reform of the two tax and three division system and the reconfiguration of the financial resources between the central and local governments of the Tang Dynasty made the local government the true leftover in the district. The local government is more close to the public, more aware of the utility and needs of the people in its jurisdiction, and thus the local government provides the public goods and is more likely to make the agriculture provided. Public goods are close to the local actual needs. Local governments take appropriate measures to repair water, develop new water conservancy, develop agricultural production, cultivate people's power, guarantee tax sources, pay taxes for poor households, relief relief and disaster relief, etc., and promote the development of local social and economic development in the late Tang Dynasty, especially the social and economic development of the southern region of the middle and late Tang Dynasty.
The seventh part summarizes and evaluates the agricultural economic function of the government of the Tang Dynasty. The institutional change and system innovation under the role of state power play an extremely important leading role in the various elements that cause economic growth and development. It emphasizes that the system is an endogenous variable affecting the development of the agricultural economy of the Tang Dynasty. The development of the agricultural economy of the Tang Dynasty is the source of the development of the Tang Dynasty. The inevitable result of the development of the productive forces is derived from the institutional change dominated by the Tang Dynasty government. First, the agricultural economic function of the government of the Tang Dynasty was summarized from six aspects. Secondly, the agricultural economic function of the Tang government was evaluated from the three aspects of its functions, vacancies and offside. The performance of the government's agricultural economic function in the Tang Dynasty confirmed the autocracy. The centralization system of the centralism is not only the guarantee of the development of agricultural economy, but also restricts the development of agricultural economy to a certain extent. We should give full affirmation to the government's various policies, measures and achievements in the performance of the agricultural economy and the management of agriculture in the Tang Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K242

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