明代藩王研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 20:52

  本文选题：贵族政治 + 帝制体系　； 参考：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：学界对于明代藩王、宗藩制度、宗禄人口、王府庄田等问题的研究主要集中于上世纪八九十年代。因时代环境,当时研究普遍存在着以论带史、论证疏阔的问题,许多历史事实并未澄清。新世纪以来,相关研究亦有诸多进展,但皆为从个别侧面入手的单篇论文。其中,从区域化视角对明代宗藩进行研究的十几篇硕士论文在研究的问题意识方面体现出新意,但其展开的内容,主要是将上世纪研究成果,放入某一区域范围进行再观察,无论史实梳理和澄清,还是问题分析与解读都未达到深入程度。基于上述研究现状,本论文在前人研究基础之上,从政治、法律、经济、心态诸方面入手,对明代关于宗藩上层即藩王的制度安排、藩王的政治地位与角色、藩王的生存状态与心理状态,进行系统性的梳理、考核与分析,在比较全面呈现相关史事基础上,集中于藩王这一特殊人群,对明代国家体制中的贵族阶层与贵族政治状况做尽量深入的透视。朱元璋建国后,出于防御旧元、转移军权的现实考虑,及配合废除宰相制度、防范权奸的需要,建立分封制,大封诸王。因此,洪武时期,诸王不仅拥有极大的军事权力,也拥有节制布政司的权力。建文帝登基以后,尝试削弱诸藩权力,引发靖难之役。燕王朱棣登上皇位后,继续推行肇始于建文帝的削藩政策,通过迁封、削减王府护卫、解除诸王军事指挥权等方式,削夺诸王军事权力。但成祖削藩并不彻底,直到宣德一朝,削藩方才彻底完成。经过朝廷的削藩和日加严苛的藩禁政策,藩王虽然衣租食禄,享受优厚物质待遇,但在权力体系中地位微弱,不仅完全淡出朝堂,而且不许议论朝政,不得与官员联姻及结交,甚至个人的行动自由也受到极大的限制。万历中期,朝廷放开了宗室入仕之禁,但仅对将军和中尉而言,藩王仍在防嫌之列,这一状态直至明亡没有改变。明代藩王与王官的权力关系,也可以反映出藩王的实际处境。根据《皇明祖训》,亲王对王府文官无人事任免权,但有合于律法之司法权;对王府武官,亲王有司法权和一定范围的人事权。可事实上,靖难以后,亲王对文官既无人事权,亦无司法权;对武官可在符合世袭的条件下上疏奏请;王府内官多由朝廷直接派遣或任命,亲王可以提名保荐,但仍需获得朝廷批准方可。对于武官和内官,亲王仅有在朝廷授命的情形下方才可以行使司法权。不仅如此,在永乐一朝,由于朱棣的鼓动,告发藩王的现象盛行,王官的职责骤然发生转变,由过去的辅导之臣,变为藩王的监视者,担负起监察王府的作用,因此时常凌驾于诸王之上。明代藩王在靖难之役后虽然直接政治权力大幅度削弱,但是此一人群在明代国家政治中仍然扮演一些重要角色,明代藩王及分封制度在帝制政治中具有结构上的重要意义。宣德末和正统初,亲王经常代天子祭祀宗庙、天地及皇陵;当皇帝出征时,亲王居守京师;诸王还身负劝进及劝立储君的政治任务,劝进和劝立储君看似是一项礼仪性和象征性事宜,却是皇位合法性的重要构成部分。在地方,藩王并非绝对不问时事,他们可以就地方修筑事务进行奏报,也偶尔会对封地内三司事务奏告朝廷,这表明朝廷依然为藩王保留了一些参与空间。藩王对于宗室事务的讨论最多,他们不仅主动参与,朝廷也呼吁他们进言,他们的许多建议都得到了朝廷的采纳。在军事上,削藩之后,明代藩王有奏报地方军情的权力。从明代中后期开始,由于朝廷财政陷入困境,各项开支难以筹措,藩王捐禄捐银的现象十分常见,包括:赈灾、助饷、辞禄补给宗粮和献助等。在皇权中断时,藩王的政治地位及分封制度在帝制中的结构性意义得到凸显:皇帝薨后无嗣,与皇帝亲疏关系最近的藩王便继承大统;崇祯十七年,崇祯帝自尽后,在崇祯帝诸子下落不明的情况下,明代藩王便成为国家正统性的代表,成为一面争取明朝复兴及团结各种抗清势力的旗帜;南明诸政权,在北京中央政权瓦解后又持续明代正朔四十年;南明诸王在皇权中断之时再续朱姓皇权,部分实现了明初朱元璋分封诸王的用意。叛乱是藩王参与政治的一种非常规方式,是藩王对既有秩序进行的反抗。朱元璋在《皇明祖训》中,规定了诸王的法律特权。从明中后期开始,《祖训》规定的情形发生了变化:第一,朝廷对宗室所作的法律限制已经突破家法《皇明祖训》的范围,部分内容开始出现于国法之中;嘉靖末年颁布的《宗藩条例》对宗室生活的各方面都进行了限制和约束。第二,地方官员及三法司官员在藩王整个司法过程中的参与范围渐宽,干预程度也在增强,增加了对王府的监察职责,可以参与对宗室的议罪等。但若仔细辨析,可以发现,明中后期出台的法律条文,包括《宗藩条例》在内,绝大多数条款是针对下层宗室,藩王尤其是亲王的法律特权所受的波及是细枝末节及无关紧要的。官员参与程度加深,也仅是增加了监察权力,对于犯罪藩王,特别是亲王,司法过程中的缉拿权、审问权和判决权仍专属皇帝一人。这表明宗室内部成员,因爵位高低不同,在法律待遇上产生了分野。藩王法律特权,终明一代,根本上并无实质性变化。洪武时期,藩王政治权力极大,岁禄与赐田是朝廷对诸王进行供养的一种方式。靖难之后,藩王几乎不具备任何实际政治权力,形成鲜明对比的是,朝廷大量赐予诸王岁禄和庄田。这一现象背后的政治意义是:朝廷对藩王付出的政治代价——不参政,给予经济性补偿。因此,可以看到,从明初到明末,亲王获赐田地的数目,大致呈上升趋势。嘉靖末年的宗禄改革,从改革对象上来说,仍然主要是针对下层宗室,郡王兼有涉及,亲王的切实利益则很少触及。这也体现出宗室成员在经济待遇上的分野。所以,宗禄背后的政治蕴意不能同一而论。于国家而言,以宗禄供养皇室后裔,是“亲亲之谊”,随着明中后期宗室人口大量繁衍,而逐渐上升为中央财政问题。于亲王而言,宗禄和庄田是他们以牺牲政治权力为代价,而获得的经济补偿。于下层宗室而言,宗禄口粮是他们的基本生存保障,当宗禄长久拖欠,无法支取时,就意味着朝廷的遗弃。郡王则处于亲王与下层宗室之间,作为中间阶层,其生存状况虽比不上亲王,但比下层宗室又好很多。朝廷对宗室的供养制度,使之付出了沉重的代价,大笔的宗禄支出加剧了明朝的财政困境。明代藩王因朝廷颁布的藩禁政策,不能出仕。但他们当中的一些人仍有着较强的政治关怀和参与政治的诉求。这些诉求和意愿在明代是不被认可和允许的,因此只能寄托于诗歌之中。在诗作中,他们关心时政、边事和下层民众,表现出了强烈的政治意识。与此同时,这些藩王信奉佛教和道教,具有强烈的出世情怀。这种出世情怀,于他们而言,是政治抱负无法施展的一条精神出路,亦是明代宗室所处严苛政治生态中的无奈选择。经过对明代藩王相关史料的系统梳理,本文在澄清诸多事实基础上,对明代贵族政治进行透视,提出:从政治制度设置与运作维度讲,明代藩王在建文、永乐、洪熙、宣德时期政策调整之后,已经失去实际军政权力,中国贵族政治在此时达到空前衰弱状态,反衬皇帝权力的高度集中化,并伴随士大夫政治影响力一定程度的增强。但当皇权中断时,藩王的政治意义便得到凸显,这表明从帝制的内部结构来看,贵族体制虽然孱弱,但具有结构性意义。从权利划分维度讲,贵族政治中的“等级”区分与少数人“特权”性质在法律和经济领域长期保留,明代亲王直至明亡,始终处于高等级地位,享受一般臣民无法企及的法律特权和经济特权。藩王的这种高等级与特权地位表示,相当程度的贵族制精神是明代帝制体系的内在组成部分,是中国帝制传统难以祛除的特征之一;与此同时,贵族经济特权,需要大笔宗禄支出,这无疑给明朝财政的困境雪上加霜。从广义的国家制度体系角度而言,明代贵族仍然是一个政治性的课题。明代贵族政治的上述两个特色,对于透视明清帝制体系的特征具有重要意义。秦汉时期形成的帝制,是以皇帝为顶端,以郡县体制、官僚体制、贵族体制三个系统为支撑的政治制度。到了明代,这一制度既发生了新的变化,又保留了不变的传统。所谓“变”是指:第一,明代贵族政治的衰弱,相较于秦到唐贵族政治的强势,表明原先帝制中一些僵化的部分已经松动;第二,明代士大夫政治相对活跃,士大夫主流受儒家学说影响,虽承认皇室血缘特殊地位,但更强调道统和“天下”关怀,这使得明代帝制体系运行中增加了一些具有理性含义的精神。这二者是为帝制之“变”。所谓“不变”是指:第一,作为阶层的贵族,包括宗室、世袭功臣和外戚仍然存在,并不存在彻底消亡的可能;与此同时,作为帝制架构的重要组成部分,贵族体制具有不可或缺的结构性意义;第二,贵族政治蕴含的“等级”与“特权”的性质,在法律和经济领域仍旧发挥着深远的影响;这二者是为帝制之“不变”。“变”与“不变”及其之间的张力共同构成了明代政治制度的特色。明代政治制度在缺乏更有力的社会变动推动情况下,并不能达到政治理性精神的充分伸张,还是会陷入左右纠结的困境。从藩王角度审视明代贵族政治与帝制体系,可以看到,尽管明代中国的经济领域、社会领域和思想文化领域皆发生的深刻的变化,但政治领域的根本性变化尚未明晰,帝制架构的继续延续仍有深厚的政治基础。
[Abstract]:In the Ming Dynasty, the study of the Ming Dynasty vassal king, the suzerain vassal system, the Zong Lu population and the Wangfu manor field were mainly concentrated in the 80s and 90s of the last century. Because of the environment of the times, the study generally existed with the theory of history and the fact that many historical facts have not been clarified. Among them, more than a dozen Master Dissertations of the Ming Dynasty vassal vassal studies from the perspective of regionalization have shown a new sense of the problem consciousness, but the main contents are to put the research results of the last century into a certain area to be observed again, regardless of historical facts and clarification, or the analysis and interpretation of the problems. On the basis of the previous research, this paper, on the basis of previous studies, starts with the political, legal, economic and psychological aspects of the Ming Dynasty on the institutional arrangement of the upper class vassal vassal vassal king, the political status and role of the vassal king, the state of the vassal king and the psychological state of the vassal. On the basis of the relevant historical facts, the special crowd was concentrated on the vafa king, and the political status of the aristocracy and aristocracy in the state system of the Ming Dynasty was as deep as possible. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Zhu Yuanzhang, out of the actual consideration of the defense of the old yuan, the transfer of military power, and the abolition of the regime of slaughtering and the need to guard against the power of power, established a system of feudalism and great seal. Therefore, in the period of the Hongwu Period, the kings not only had great military power, but also had the power of moderating the political secretary. After the founding of the emperor, the emperor tried to weaken the power of the various vassal vassal forces and caused the service of the peace. After Yongle, the emperor of the emperor went on to the throne, and continued to carry out the policy of chipping the vassal vassal of the emperor of Jian Wen, and cut the Royal Guard and relieved the military commanders of the kings through the relocation of the emperor. It was not thorough to chipping the military power of the kings, but it was not thorough to chipping the vassal vassal to the emperor until the first dynasty of the emperor. In the middle period of the Wanli, the Imperial Court opened the forbidden of the imperial clan, but only for the general and the lieutenant, the king was still in the defence of the suspicion that the state had not changed until the Ming Dynasty. The power relationship between the king and the royal officials in the Ming Dynasty could also reflect the actual situation of the king. According to the royal family training, the prince had no right to appoint and dismiss the royal official, but had the judicial power of the law; to the Royal Military Officer, the prince had judicial power and a certain range of personnel rights. In fact, after the peace, the prince had neither the personnel rights nor the judicial power. As the royal court dispatched or appointed, the prince could nominate the sponsor, but it still had to be approved by the court. For the military officers and the internal officials, the prince could exercise judicial power only under the circumstances of the court. In the Ming Dynasty, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty still played some important horns in the state politics of the Ming Dynasty, and the emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the system of feudalism were in the monarchy politics. At the end of Xuan de and orthodoxy, the prince often sacrificed the temple, the heaven and the earth and the imperial mausoleum on behalf of the emperor. When the emperor was expedition, the prince lived in the master of Beijing, and the kings repersuaded and persuaded the political task of storing the king, and persuaded and urged the emperor to be an important part of the legality of the throne, which seemed to be a ceremonial and symbolic matter. In place, the king of the vvan is not absolutely not asking the current affairs, they can make a memorial to the local construction affairs, and occasionally accuse the court of the three divisions within the seal, which shows that the court still holds some space for the king of the vvan. After the middle and late Ming Dynasty, since the Ming Dynasty was in trouble, all the expenses were difficult to raise, and the vassal King donated the money to the bank. It included disaster relief, pay, recharge of grain and contribution, and so on. When the imperial power was interrupted, The structural significance of the political status of the king and the system of the feudalism in the monarchy showed that the emperor had no heirs after the emperor, and the king of the closest relations with the emperor inherited the great unification of the emperor. After the seventeen years of Chong Zhen, the emperor of Chong Zhen became the representative of the national orthodoxy in the Ming Dynasty and became a Ming Dynasty under the circumstances of the emperor's whereabouts of the emperor. The rejuvenation and unity of the banner of all kinds of anti Qing forces; the political power of Nanming, after the disintegration of the central government of Beijing, after the collapse of the central regime of the Nanming, and the continuation of the emperor's imperial power in the Ming Dynasty; the kings of Nanming continued to renew Zhu's imperial power at the time of the interruption of the imperial power, partly realizing the intention of the kings of Zhu Yuanzhang in the early Ming Dynasty. In the imperial training of emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, in the imperial training of Emperor Ming Dynasty, the legal privileges of the kings were stipulated. From the beginning of the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the regulations stipulated in the ancestor's training had changed. First, the legal restrictions made by the imperial court had already broken through the scope of the family law, the Emperor Ming ancestor training, and some of the contents began to appear in the national law; the last year of Jiajing's "suzerain vassal article" Second, the participation of the local officials and the officials of the three law department in the whole judicial process of the king of the clan is widening, the degree of intervention is increasing, the supervisory duty of the Wang Fu is increased, and the crime of argumentation of the clan can be involved. But if it is carefully discriminated, it can be found that the law promulgated in the late Ming and the middle and late Ming Dynasty The laws of the law, including the vassal vassal Ordinance, most of which are aimed at the lower level of the clan, and the legal privileges of the king of the vassal, especially the prince, are minor and insignificant. The degree of participation of the officials is deepened and only the power of supervision is added to the criminal vassal, especially the prince, the right to arrest, interrogate and adjudicate in the judicial process. The power still belongs to the emperor. This shows that the members of the clan have a distinction in the legal treatment because of the difference of the rank of the title. The legal privileges of the king of the fan and the last Ming Dynasty have no substantial changes. With any practical political power, a sharp contrast is that the court has bestowed a large number of kings and manor. The political significance behind this phenomenon is: the political cost of the court to the king of the court - non political participation and economic compensation. Therefore, it can be seen that from the early Ming to the end of the Ming Dynasty, the number of land granted by the prince was generally on the rise. From the object of reform, the reform of Zong in the last year was still mainly aimed at the lower clan. The real interests of the prince were rarely touched. It also reflected the separation of the members of the clan in the economic treatment. Therefore, the political implication behind Zong Lu was not the same. In the state, the support of the Royal descendants with Zong, was " The friendship between parents and relatives ", with the large population multiplication in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, has gradually risen to the central financial problem. In the case of the prince, Zong and Zhuang are their economic compensation at the expense of the sacrifice of political power. In the lower clan, Zong's grain is their basic guarantee of survival. When Zong has long been in arrears, it can not be withdrawn. It meant the abandonment of the court. The prince was between the prince and the lower clans. As a middle class, although his living condition was better than the prince, it was much better than the lower clan. The system of support for the imperial clan made it pay a heavy price, and a large amount of Sect expenditure aggravated the financial predicament of the Ming Dynasty. The vassal king of the Ming Dynasty enacted the vassal of the court. Some of them still have strong political and political appeals. These demands and wishes are not recognized and allowed in the Ming Dynasty, so they can only be placed in poetry. In the poetry, they show a strong political consciousness. At the same time, they show strong political consciousness. These feudal lords believed in Buddhism and Taoism with strong feelings of birth, which, in their case, were a spiritual outlet for political aspirations, and a helpless choice in the harsh political ecology of the Ming Dynasty. On behalf of the aristocratic politics, it was pointed out that: from the political system setting and operation dimension, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty had lost the actual military and political power after the policy adjustment of the period of Jian Wen, Yongle, Hong hee and Xuan de. The Chinese aristocratic politics had reached an unprecedented decline in this time, in contrast to the high centralization of the power of the emperor, and accompanied by the political influence of the scholar officials. But when the imperial power is interrupted, the political significance of the king is highlighted, which shows that the aristocratic system is weak but structural in terms of the internal structure of the monarchy. From the dimension of the right division, the distinction of "rank" in the aristocratic politics and the nature of the "privileges" of the minority are kept in the legal and economic fields for a long time. The prince was in a high rank and enjoyed the legal privileges and economic privileges that the general subjects could not reach. The high rank and privileged status of the king of the governor expressed that a considerable aristocratic spirit was an intrinsic part of the imperial system of the Ming Dynasty, and one of the characteristics of the Chinese monarchy which was difficult to remove; at the same time, the nobility was the nobleman. There is no doubt that the economic privileges need a large amount of money, which undoubtedly worsens the financial predicament of the Ming Dynasty. From the perspective of the broad sense of the national system, the aristocrats of the Ming Dynasty are still a political subject. The above two characteristics of the aristocratic politics of the Ming Dynasty are of great significance to the perspective of the characteristics of the Ming and Qing imperial systems. It is the political system supported by the three systems of the emperor as the top, the system of prefectures and counties, the bureaucracy and the aristocracy. In the Ming Dynasty, this system has taken place both new and unchanging traditions. The so-called "change" refers to the decline of the aristocratic politics in the Ming Dynasty, compared to the strong political strength of the Qin and Tang aristocrats, indicating the original monarchy. Some rigid parts have been loosened; second, the Ming Dynasty scholar bureaucrat politics is relatively active, the scholar officialdom is influenced by the Confucian doctrine. Although the special status of the royal blood relationship is recognized, the Confucian orthodoxy and the "world" care are more emphasized, which makes the Ming Dynasty monarchy system run in the spirit of some rational meaning. These two are the "change" for monarchy. "No change" means: first, as a class aristocrat, including the clans, hereditary officers and relatives still exist, there is no possibility of complete extinction; at the same time, as an important part of the imperial structure, the aristocratic system has an indispensable structural significance; second, the nature of the "rank" and "privileges" contained in the aristocratic politics, It still exerts a profound influence in the legal and economic fields; these two are "invariable" for the monarchy. The "change" and "change" and the tension together constitute the characteristics of the political system of the Ming Dynasty. The political system of the Ming Dynasty, in the absence of more powerful social changes, can not reach the full extension of the political rational spirit. The political and monarchy system of the Ming Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty can be seen from the angle of the king. Although the profound changes have taken place in the economic field, the social field and the ideological and cultural fields of China in the Ming Dynasty, the fundamental changes in the political field are not clear, and the continuation of the monarchy still has a profound political basis.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K248
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本文编号：1992760