唐代吏部尚书研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 17:46

本文选题：唐代 + 吏部尚书　；参考：《山东大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 唐代职官制度是政治制度的重要组成部分,职官担任者是推动各种制度运行的具体实施者。唐代中央职官制度继承了前此演变数百年至隋基本定型的三省六部制,其中尚书省是唐代中央行政执行部门,设有吏户礼兵刑工六部,这一职官设置对唐及其以后各代的制度皆有深远影响。系统了解各部职官的制度与人事情况能加深对制度史的认识。学界已有的研究对吏部的关注尚缺乏全面性与系统性。吏部负责官员选任与勋爵等人事问题,因而其长官吏部尚书的地位与作用不同寻常。有唐一代吏部尚书可考者计有一百四十四任,本文上篇围绕吏部尚书职官的行政制度展开,运用历史学、政治学等学科方法考述吏部尚书的职掌及其与政治的关系。下篇则在历史学方法基础上结合地理学、统计学等对吏部尚书的人事制度进行探讨。上篇主要围绕吏部组织结构、吏部尚书职掌以及吏部尚书与唐代政治关系等进行论述。第一章,关于唐代吏部职官设置情况。吏部起源自汉代,历经魏晋南北朝隋数代,除北周因复古改制不同外,其他各代基本以吏部作为尚书分部之首,而两晋南北朝时期尚书省是宰相机构,吏部尚书为八座之一。唐代前期吏部尚书、侍郎的职官设置与员额及名称曾有几次变化,中后期基本定型。吏部所辖吏部司、司封司、考功司、司勋司基本定型于隋代,入唐后亦有一定变化,其职责为协助吏部尚书、侍郎进行铨选、执掌官员勋封以及考课等。第二章,关于唐代吏部尚书的职掌。吏部尚书行使吏部长官的一些职责,通过签署有关文书体现其长官地位,另外要领导本部门工作以及丰持修订有关律令和族姓书籍等。吏部尚书参与文官铨选,其铨选范围为六七品官员,后来与吏部侍郎通掌六品以下官员铨选,唐中后期还负责科目选等。为完善铨选程序,吏部尚书要调整吏部铨选时间与程序,这一点主要体现在安史乱之前。吏部尚书作为朝中要官,近六成的担任者有兼职,根据朝廷需要其亦被委任担任临时差遣,主要担任考校使、参与军事活动、主持营造山陵、充任盐铁使等。第三章,关于吏部尚书与唐朝政治的关系。唐朝前期中央政治为三省六部制,吏部尚书作为其中重要文官,每每兼任宰相或以旧相担任,或迁为宰相,而且在职能上有明显表现;唐后期,由于尚书省地位的削弱,吏部职能亦削弱,作为吏部长官的吏部尚书虽亦不少曾任职宰相等重要职官,但担任吏部尚书时由于处于其仕途衰退期,因而任职时政治作为并不显著,对本部门的职能的加强亦贡献不大。总的来看,吏部尚书的政治表现与唐朝政治形势演变及制度变化有较大关系。下篇对吏部尚书担任者的人事情况进行考察,主要围绕其任职情况及出身展开。第四章,关于唐代吏部尚书的籍贯与出身阶层。从籍贯分布来看,整个唐代主要集中在北方关内、河南、河北、河东四道,河南道与河东道吏部尚书数量总体呈增长趋势。河北道由于受安史乱影响人数减少。南方诸道于唐后期出现几任吏部尚书,主要为北方南迁后新落籍人士。就出身阶层来看,共出自四十二个郡姓,出身这些郡姓者有九十八人,占唐代可考吏部尚书约八成,可见吏部尚书担任者绝大多数出身于士族阶层。且吏部尚书出身于大士族阶层的比例亦很高,超过一半,近达六成。但唐代新兴士族出任吏部尚书者则属少数。第五章,关于吏部尚书的入仕与履历情况。吏部尚书担任者其初仕获得出身的情况,除前期元勋功臣入唐时多已为官可不计外,其他入仕者以进士科举最多,门荫出身次之。中期门荫出身者有所增加,占同期可考近一半,科举出身者人数未变。至后期,吏部尚书中进士出身者为绝对多数,其中明经出身者仅一例。门荫出身者则在中期回升的基础上反而大幅度下降。总体来看科举出身者在吏部尚书担任者中逐渐占据主要地位。其中单由制举出身者仅在前期出现,中后期已无。起家官情况为,前期多有前隋旧官,其他情况也较复杂。至后期较多起家于校书郎和县级佐吏。起家于节度使属官的情况是后期独有现象,且人数不少。第六章,关于吏部尚书的迁转情况。迁入官以宰相、尚书省、地方官属所占比例最多,其中三十五任自宰相迁入吏部尚书后仍兼任宰相,显示唐代以宰相增加吏部尚书一职,是对宰相权力的进一步增强,另外也反映着吏部尚书地位非同一般。迁出官机构则主要为宰相机构、地方官属、尚书省及东宫官属。另外有卒于任上及被贬情况。由近五分之一的非正常迁出来看,吏部尚书一职在唐代仍有一定风险性,因非正常迁出与政局往往有较直接关系,从而进一步说明吏部尚书一职与政局关系较紧密。第七章,唐代吏部尚书可判断任期者,总体看任期小于二年的在八成以上,而唐中期任期相对较长,后期任期多数较短,可见后期吏部尚书迁转较为频繁。就吏部尚书在职官中所处位置看,计有八十五任吏部尚书处于其仕途高峰时,四十任为趋于仕途衰退期。有唐一代,这两种情况居多。尤其后期处于高峰与衰退皆最多,但前期中期处于衰退期吏部尚书比例占同期很小,总体分析后期处于衰退期较多,加上后期吏部尚书任期较短者颇多,兼任宰相之吏部尚书比例已明显减小,说明吏部尚书职权与地位随吏部职权的削弱而变动。
[Abstract]:The official system of the Tang Dynasty was an important part of the political system, and the official officers were the specific implementers to promote the operation of various systems. The central official system of the Tang Dynasty inherited the six parts of the three provinces which evolved from centuries to Sui to the Sui Dynasty, among which the Shang Shu Province was the central executive department of the Tang Dynasty, and the official officers and soldiers and the criminal workers had six departments. It has a profound influence on the system of the Tang Dynasty and its subsequent generations. A systematic understanding of the system and personnel situation of the departments of the various ministries can deepen the understanding of the history of the system. It is unusual. There are one hundred and forty-four candidates in the Tang Dynasty. The first part of this article is about the administrative system of official officials of the Ministry of officials, and the application of history and politics to the examination of the office of the Ministry of officials and its relationship with politics. The next chapter, on the basis of the history of geography and statistics, is on the basis of the history and statistics. The personnel system of Shang Shu is discussed.
The first part mainly discusses the organizational structure of the Ministry, the official positions of clerks, and the political relations between the Ministry and the Tang Dynasty.
In the first chapter, the official Department of the Tang Dynasty was set up. The official department originated from the Han Dynasty, after the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the northern and Southern Dynasties and Sui dynasties. Except for the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Ministry of officials was the first of the Shang Shu division, while the northern Zhou Dynasty was the Prime Minister of the Shang Dynasty and the Ministry of officials was one of the eight. There have been several changes in the position and name of the official posts and posts in the middle and late stages. The Department of official department, the division division, the Kao Gong division, the division Hoon department are basically finalized in the Sui Dynasty, and there are some changes after the Tang Dynasty.
The second chapter, about the official duties of the Tang Dynasty, the official Department of the Ministry of officials, the Minister of the Ministry of officials to exercise some duties, through the signing of the relevant documents to reflect the status of their officers, in addition to the work of the Department and the revision of books on laws and family names. In order to improve the selection of the subjects, the officials selected by Lang Tongzhang six and below were also responsible for the selection of the subjects. In order to improve the selection procedure, the Ministry of officials should adjust the time and procedure of the election. This is mainly reflected in the time and procedure of the official department. He served as an examination school, participated in military activities, presided over the creation of mountain mausoleum, and served as a salt and iron maker.
The third chapter, about the relationship between the official book and the politics of the Tang Dynasty. The central politics of the early Tang Dynasty was the six parts of the three provinces, and the official Department of the Ministry of officials was one of the important civil servants. It was always served as the prime minister or as a prime minister, or moved to the prime minister, and it had obvious performance. In the late Tang Dynasty, as a result of the weakening of the status of the province, the functions of the officials were weakened, as the Minister of the officials. Although the official official ministry Shang Shu was also a great number of important officials who had served as prime minister, the official official department was in a decline period of official career, so politics was not significant and contributed little to the strengthening of the functions of the Department. In general, the political performance of the official Department of the Ministry of officials was closely related to the political situation evolution and system changes in the Tang Dynasty.
In the second part, the personnel situation of the clerks of the clerks in the Ministry of public security is investigated.
The fourth chapter is about the native place and class of the official Department of the Tang Dynasty. From the distribution of native place, the whole Tang Dynasty mainly concentrated in northern Guan, Henan, Hebei, and Hedong four, the number of Shang Shu in Henan road and Hedong Taoism generally showed a growing trend. Hebei road was reduced by the disturbance of history. Several southern Taoism appeared in the late Tang Dynasty. The book, mainly for the new immigrants after the north south, comes from the family class, from forty-two County surnames, and ninety-eight of these County surnames, accounting for about 80% of the books of the Tang Dynasty, and the majority of the officials of the Ministry of officials are born in the class of the scholars. Half, nearly 60%. But in the Tang Dynasty, the new generation of literati was a minority.
The fifth chapter, about the entry of the official official's book and the resume of the official official's book. In addition to the official official's initial official career, in addition to the earlier yuan merit official's admission to the Tang Dynasty, most of the officials could not count, and the other officials took the most of the imperial examinations and the shade of the door. In the later period, there was an absolute majority of the scholars in the official book of the Ministry of officials, of which only one case of the Ming Dynasty was born. The person who came out of the door shade decreased greatly on the basis of the mid-term recovery. In the earlier period, there were many former officials in the former Sui Dynasty, and the other cases were more complicated.
The sixth chapter, about the relocation of the officials of the Ministry of officials, to the prime minister, the prime minister, the province of Shang Shu, the largest proportion of the local officials, of which thirty-five from the prime minister moved into the Ministry of the Ministry of the minister and still served as the prime minister, showing the addition of the prime minister to the Ministry of officials in the Tang Dynasty, which was the Bu Zengqiang of the prime minister's power. The relocation of the official institutions was mainly the prime minister, the local officials, the Shang Shu province and the eastern palace officer. In addition, there were other deaths and derogatory conditions. From the abnormal movement of nearly 1/5, the official ministry still has a certain risk in the Tang Dynasty, because the abnormal relocation and political situation often have a direct relationship with the political situation, thus further explaining the position of the official department. It is closely related to the political situation.
The seventh chapter, the official Department of the Tang Dynasty can judge the term of the tenure, the overall view is less than 80% of the term of term less than two years, while the term of office is relatively long in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the term of office of the later period is relatively short. It can be seen that Shang Shuqian is more frequent in the later period. There are two cases in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there are many cases. Especially in the later period, the peak and the recession are the most, but the proportion of the official books in the recession period is very small, the overall analysis is more in the decline period, and the latter is quite a short term. It shows that the power and status of the Ministry of clerks and clerks of the Ministry of administration changed with the weakening of their functions and powers.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K242;D691

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