下沉与渗透：多元文化背景下的元代教化研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 05:34

本文选题：元朝 + 儒学教化　；参考：《华东师范大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 从儒学教化的意义上来说,百年元代不是一个可以忽视的朝代。在这个疆域近两倍于现今中国国土且延续百年之久的国度里,儒学教化确实发生着,并且逐步占据了意识形态的主导地位。它上承南宋理学发展壮大之趋势,下启明清理学渗入民众并发挥作用之源头,具有明显的初级阶段特色。因此,本文所言之“儒学教化”,其实就是指理学作为在中国封建社会后期的官方意识形态,是怎样在元朝这样一个凭借武力而建立的军事征服性政权的统治下获得教化主导地位并逐渐向民间传播的过程。元朝的统一,结束了南北分立的局面,使理学学说获得了极大的传播空间,因此在不长时间内,理学学说就传入江淮以北的广大地区,并逐渐获得了元朝统治者的认可而成为官方意识形态。本文把元朝延yP初年恢复科举并以程朱理学为其唯一考试内容作为儒学获得教化主导权的标志。这一点被明清两代所继承,使理学成为中国封建社会的主导地位的意识形态,从而对13世纪以后一直到20世纪初的中国社会产生了深远的影响。元代儒学教化是多途的。在元朝,理学成为官方意识形态,法律也成为教化的途径之一。故元朝的成文法典虽不发达,然而其内容也体现了理学的存在；在其执行过程中,官吏们常以“义理”来劝谕两造,教化民众,以达到儒家理想的“息讼”的目的。元代地方官吏中有很多“循吏”,他们通过修建学校和庙宇、兴利除弊、移风易俗、息讼劝农等方式来教化乡里,从而把理学观念推进到普通民众之中。无疑,体现着官方教育行为的各级官学自然成为传播理学的主要渠道。无论是中央官学,还是地方官学,程朱理学都成为其主要甚至是唯一的教学内容；程端礼的《读书日程安排》被广泛采用。官学还通过祭祀、讲经等方式教化士子,影响百姓,不但使他们接受理学的知识,而且还要求他们成为践行儒学道德规范的楷模。当然,在儒学教化上,地方的书院和各种私学所起的作用要更大一些,更深入一些。这些书院和私学多办学于乡里,慎于择师,严于教学,又有一定的自由度,常常成为地方教化的中心,对乡里的民众发挥着教化作用。在整个社会理学风气日益浓厚的情势下,作为社会基层组织的宗族和“社”对教化所起的作用也日益明显。元代是我国宗族宗法制由一般官僚宗法制向庶民型宗族宗法制发展的过渡时期,庶民家族也逐渐按照理学家的宗族宗法观念、理想,通过修家谱、建祠堂、立族规等途径来教化族众；而具有元代特色的“社”制,是元代政府企图将政府力量深入乡村的制度,它赋予社长监督社众及“上通下达”等职能,以办社学、立粉牌书写善恶等方式教化社众；地方官也常常干预“社”的教化,以增强其教化效果。同时,社会文化层面的教化作用也逐渐显露出来。原先深受民众欢迎的艺术形式“小说”与“讲史”,在元朝逐渐演化成为长篇白话章回小说,如《水浒传》和《三国演义》,在社会上广泛流行；由宋代诸宫调等艺术形式演变而成的元杂剧,其教化意义也随着社会理学风气的日益浓厚而逐渐凸显；其最典型者,无疑是《琵琶记》。元朝各种各样的宗教形式,对于儒学教化也起了一定促进作用,特别是道教中的全真教和净明忠孝道。必须提出的是,元代儒士是儒学教化的主体。在元朝这样的以军事起家的王朝的异族统治下,少数儒士获得进入元朝政府内部,参与元朝统治,他们想方设法,来使元朝统治者接受以理学为中心的“汉法”,使理学获得官方意识形态的地位；绝大多数失去了仕进的途径,多以著述、教授为业,然而,他们以其所拥有的道德与学问,言传身教,教化乡里,使理学伦理逐渐渗入到普通民众的日常行为之中,成为其道德观、价值观的核心层面。固然,元代儒士与明清成为教化权力主体的“绅衿”有着本质上的不同,这是元代特定的社会背景造成的。与此相对应,与此相对应,普通民众是教化的客体,特别是妇女、儿童。当然,从整体上来看,元代儒学教化应是明朝及其后清朝儒学教化的“初级阶段”,主要体现在制度化程度并不强,“多途”程度并不高。这些要到明朝及其后才能完成。论文最后以元代江西行省的金溪县为案例,详细分析了金溪儒学教化的具体情况,以说明元代儒学教化在这个江南县域中所产生的效应。
[Abstract]:In the sense of Confucian enlightenment, the one hundred year Yuan Dynasty was not a dynasty that could be ignored. In this country, which has nearly two times the country's land and lasted for a hundred years, the Confucianism does take place, and gradually occupies the dominant position of ideology. Therefore, the "Confucianism teaching" in this paper refers to how Neo Confucianism, as the official ideology in the late feudal society of China, is how to gain the dominant position under the rule of the military conquest regime established by force in the Yuan Dynasty. And the process of spreading to the folk gradually.
The unification of the Yuan Dynasty ended the division of the north and the South and made the theory of Neo Confucianism a great spread. Therefore, in a long time, the theory of Neo Confucianism was introduced into the vast area of the north of the Huaihe River, and the official ideology was gradually accepted by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. This article restored the imperial examination in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty yP and took Cheng Zhu as its science. The only content of the examination was the symbol of the dominant power of Confucianism, which was inherited by the two dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, making it a dominant ideology in the Chinese feudal society, which had a profound influence on the Chinese society from thirteenth Century to the early twentieth Century.
Confucian doctrines in Yuan Dynasty were multipath. In the Yuan Dynasty, Confucianism became one of the official ideology, and the law became one of the ways of enlightenment. Although the literary code of the Yuan Dynasty was not developed, its content also embodied the existence of Neo Confucianism. In the process of its implementation, the officials often persuaded the people to enlighten the people with the "righteousness" to achieve the "interest of the Confucian ideal". In the Yuan Dynasty, the local officials of the Yuan Dynasty had many "officials". By building schools and temples, they developed advantages and disadvantages, changed customs and customs, and persuaded peasants to enlighten the countryside, thus promoting the concept of science into the common people.
Undoubtedly, official learning at all levels, which embodies the official educational behavior, has become the main channel for the dissemination of science. Whether it is the central government or the local government, Cheng Zhu's geography has become the main and even the only teaching content; Cheng Duan's "reading schedule" is widely used. The people, not only make them accept the knowledge of science, but also require them to be a model for the practice of moral norms of Confucianism. Of course, in the teaching of Confucianism, local academies and various private schools play a larger and deeper role. These academies and private schools run more schools in the countryside, are prudent in choosing teachers, strict in teaching, and have certain freedom degrees. It often becomes the center of local education and plays an enlightening role for the masses in the countryside.
Under the growing situation of the whole social science and science, the clan and the "society" played an increasingly important role in the education. The Yuan Dynasty was the transition period from the general bureaucratic legality to the common people's patriarchal clan system, and the families of the common people were also gradually based on the patriarchal clan patriarchal concept of the Neo Confucianism. Ideally, through the genealogy, the ancestral temple building and the establishment of the clan rules, the "social" system with the Yuan Dynasty's characteristics is the system of the Yuan Dynasty government trying to deepen the government's power into the countryside. It endows the president with the functions of supervising the community and "going up and down", so as to do social science, the Li powder brand writing good and evil and so on. To interfere with the teaching of the "society" in order to enhance its teaching effect.
At the same time, the educational role of the social and cultural level has gradually emerged. The original art form "novel" and "lecture history", originally popular with the people, gradually evolved into long vernacular novels, such as the "Water Margin" and "the romance of the Three Kingdoms", widely popular in the society, and the Yuan zaju evolved from the art forms such as the Song Dynasty palace tune. Its teaching significance has also been gradually highlighted with the growing trend of social science and science; the most typical one is undoubtedly the "Pipa". All kinds of religious forms of the Yuan Dynasty have played a certain role in promoting Confucianism, especially the true religion and the pure loyalty and filial piety in Taoism.
It must be put forward that the Confucian scholar was the main body of Confucianism in Yuan Dynasty. Under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, a few Confucian scholars, under the ruling of the Yuan Dynasty, got into the government of the Yuan Dynasty and participated in the reign of the Yuan Dynasty. They tried every way to make the Yuan Dynasty's rulers accept the "Han law" centered on the Neo Confucianism, which made the science of the official ideology land. Most of the ways, most of which have lost their entry, are mostly written and taught. However, they have gradually infiltrated into the ordinary people's daily behavior with their morality and knowledge, teaching and teaching the countryside, and become the core level of their moral outlook and values. Although the Confucian scholars and Ming and Qing dynasties became the masters of power. The "gentry and the Jin" of the body is essentially different, which is caused by the specific social background of the Yuan Dynasty. Corresponding to this, the common people are the object of enlightenment, especially women and children.
Of course, on the whole, the Confucian education in the Yuan Dynasty should be the "primary stage" of the Confucianism and the post Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, which is mainly embodied in the degree of institutionalization, and the degree of "multipath" is not high. These should be completed in the Ming Dynasty and after that. Finally, the thesis takes Jinxi County in Jin Xi county as a case in Jiangxi Province in Yuan Dynasty and analyzes the Confucianism teaching in detail. To illustrate the effect of Confucian enlightenment in the Jiangnan County in the Yuan Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K247

【相似文献】