清代徽商合伙合同探析

发布时间：2018-06-28 04:16

本文选题：清代 + 徽商　；参考：《西南政法大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 民事经营中的“合伙”在史料中常称“合本”、“连财”等,这种经营形式在中国至少可上溯至2000多年前的春秋战国时期。几千年来,我国一直传颂着管仲和鲍叔牙合伙经营,鲍让利于管的佳话。中国古代商业中的合伙经营发展到汉代已显完备,其主要标志是:合伙者之间开始订有专门契约来规范合伙各方行为。隋唐以后,合伙经营更为流行。到了明清以后,商事中的合伙经营更为发达,涉及到的行业更广,也更加流行和规范化。在清代,不仅民间日用杂书中已有“合伙”经营例子出现,而且合伙合同的使用也进入了社会规范化的阶段。这种以文字合同方式规定合资双方权利和义务的文本,一直为明清时期的徽商所沿用。合伙合同的发展是经济、社会发展的结果,研究合伙合同对于理解清代的民商事法律制度大有裨益。本文以歙县粮商程振之等五人合伙出资开设粮行的一张合同入手,通过引用史料和分析,介绍清代徽商合伙合同,分析徽商合伙合同的法律构成要件,总结了徽商合伙合同的类型。然后将其与承揽合同和借贷契约相比较,论述清代徽商合伙合同对徽商、当时社会以及现在经营理念的意义。希望能够对徽商研究尽一点绵薄之力。除了引言和结语外,正文分为五个部分。第一部分是清代徽商合伙合同概述。徽商是明清两朝我国最重要的商帮之一,曾称雄我国商界数百年。其影响之大、人数之多、活动区域之广为当时其它商帮所不及。是我国商业发展史上的一个奇迹。研究徽商具有重要的现实意义。随着对徽商研究深入,“徽学”界普遍认识到对徽州文书研究的重要学术价值,而徽商合伙合同便是一种有研究价值的徽州文书。因此首先要介绍徽商的由来,接着阐述了合伙合同的产生、发展。为了更清楚理解为何本文中称清代合伙文书为合同,借贷文书为契约。本部分对清代“契约”与“合同”内涵作了界定。最后介绍了徽州文书的研究现状,正是有了对徽州文书研究的发展,本文才得以有一定的资料进行探析。第二部分归纳了清代徽商合伙合同的法律构成要件。该部分以清徽商程振之等五人合伙合同入手,归纳了合同五个要件:主体要件、意思表示、资本要件、权利义务和形式要件。可以看出清代徽商合伙合同在形式和内容上都相当完备。其规范性在当时来说,不得不说在徽州文书方面是一个突破。第三部分对清代微商合伙合同进行分类。以合伙各方出资是否均等将清代徽商合伙合同划分为等额出资合伙合同和不等额出资合伙合同;然后以合伙各方的关系即合伙的对象将合伙合同分为血缘合伙合同和非血缘合伙合同,这对从更深层次上理解徽商合伙合同成为血缘和地缘的纽带的原因有很大帮助。第四部分将清代徽商合伙合同与其他近似契约文书进行比较研究。一方面通过例证将合伙合同与承揽合同进行比较,阐明了二者在主体身分、职责、盈亏分配三个方面的不同,并指出这两种经营方式是可以相互转换的;另一方面从内容、利益关系和法律风险三个方面说明借贷契约与合伙合同的区别,同时对当前一些学者将二者归为一类进行评析,指出其中的不妥之处。第五部分在对清代徽商合伙合同研究基础上着重论述了徽商合伙合同的影响和意义。首先体现在对徽商自身上,清代徽商合伙合同从一个侧面揭示了徽商法制观念的增强,以及依法经营理念的强化,同时通过合伙经营增强了群体效益,有利于徽商竞争实力的增强。其次,合伙经营加速了商业资本积累,强化了徽商之间联系。而且合伙合同对具体史学的研究也大有裨益。最后,徽商合伙经营重合同、讲诚信的经营理念,及在合伙人的选择原则上对当今的商业经营提供了有益的借鉴。
[Abstract]:In the past few thousand years , the partnership between China and China has become more developed , and it is more popular and more standardized . In the Qing Dynasty , the partnership between the two parties has been developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties .

This paper starts with a contract for the establishment of a grain bank by means of five - person partnership , such as Cheng Zhenzhi , Shanxi Province . By quoting historical materials and analysis , the paper introduces the legal constitutive requirements of the Huizhou partnership contract , summarizes the types of the Huizhou partnership contract . Then it discusses the significance of the Huizhou partnership contract to the Huizhou , then the society and the present business concept . It is hoped that the Huizhou Merchants partnership contract will be able to make a little bit of the research . Besides the introduction and conclusion , the text is divided into five parts .

The first part is an overview of the partnership contract of Huizhou merchants . Huizhou is one of the most important businessmen in the Ming and Qing dynasties . It is a miracle in the history of China ' s business development . It is a miracle in the history of business development .

The second part induces the legal constitutive requirements of the Hui Merchants partnership contract in the Qing Dynasty . This part starts with the five - person partnership contract , such as the Cheng Zhenzhi , and induces the five elements of the contract : the principal elements , the meaning representation , the capital elements , the rights and obligations and the formal requirements . It can be seen that the contract of the Huizhou Merchants in the Qing Dynasty is quite complete in the form and content .

In the third part , the contract is classified according to the partnership contract of the Qing Dynasty . The partnership contract is divided into equal investment partnership contract and non - equal investment partnership contract . The partnership contract is divided into the partnership contract and the non - blood - edge partnership contract .

The fourth part compares the partnership contract with other similar contract instruments in the Qing Dynasty . On the one hand , the differences between the loan contract and the partnership contract are explained by comparing the partnership contract with the contract contract . On the other hand , the differences between the loan contract and the partnership contract are explained from the three aspects of content , interest relation and legal risk .

The fifth part focuses on the influence and significance of Huizhou ' s partnership contract on the basis of the research on the partnership contract of Huizhou merchants . First , it reveals the strengthening of the concept of Huizhou ' s legal system from one side and the strengthening of business concept according to law .
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D923.6;D929

【参考文献】