驳杂与务实：《抱朴子外篇》政治思想新研

发布时间：2018-07-09 19:05

本文选题：《抱朴子外篇》 + 葛洪　；参考：《南开大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】：葛洪,魏晋著名士人,道教外丹学派集大成者,其所著《抱朴子内篇》和《抱朴子外篇》,在中国思想史上占有重要地位。由于学界对于《抱朴子内篇》研究成果较为丰富,且大多已成定论,因此本文主要讨论《抱朴子外篇》中的哲学思想、政治思想和文化思想等。在第一章中,主要讨论了葛洪本人的史实,以及对《抱朴子外篇》进行文本统计分析。关于葛洪本人的史实讨论,主要集中于葛洪卒年的问题上。由于史料记载互异、真伪难辨等原因,学界对于葛洪卒年主要有两种看法,即八十一岁说和六十一岁说。通过仔细研究相关原始资料后我们可以发现,六十一岁说出现较早,八十一岁说其所依据的《神仙传》材料,很有可能为后人写入。与八十一岁说一起出现的,是关于葛洪“尸解”的传说；“葛洪八十一岁尸解成仙”一说,标志着葛洪在道教史上地位的确立。由于《抱朴子外篇》思想驳杂,因此从整体上把握殊为不易。本章从基本的统计入手,就文字统计而言,各章之间字数相差悬殊,除了因为古籍散佚的因素之外,大致可以看出,其中字数相对较多的十三章,是《抱朴子外篇》着重讨论的内容；就次序分析而言,位于“学”“教”两章(《勖学》、《崇教》)之前《嘉恛》《逸民》两章,地位十分重要；就各章内容对比分析,其中内容关联出现的部分,例如《嘉恛》／《逸民》、《君道》／《臣节》等章,也是重点讨论对象。在第二章中,主要讨论了《抱朴子外篇》中的言行观、人生观和隐逸观。在第一节里,通过分析“言”与“行”,我们可以发现,葛洪主张重“言”、慎“言”、“言重于行”。这一主张即是对先秦以来言行观的继承,也是魏晋时期特定历史形势的产物。在第二节里,对于葛洪的人生观加以分析,认为《抱朴子外篇》中所提出的“立德”、“立言”是葛洪的人生目标,“立功”在当时并不是合适的方式,这与西汉以来士人汲汲于功名的态度完全不同。在第三节里,我们对于葛洪的隐逸思想加以细致分析,提出“重生”等主张；隐逸的目的也并非对抗政府权威,而是从基层教化入手,力图重建士风；由于社会动乱,隐逸亦是士人实现人生观的重要方式。在第三章中,主要讨论了《抱朴子外篇》的政治思想,主要分为“有君论”、“君臣论”、“礼刑论”、“举贤论”四个方面。在“有君论”里,批评了鲍敬言的无君主张,认为君主的出现是必要的,也是符合自然和人类社会发展规律的；在“君臣论”中,描述了理想的“君”、“臣”素质,并对臣废君提出了严厉的批评；在“礼刑论”中,提出礼主刑辅的治国方式,“礼”也需要删繁就简,以避免流于形式主义,同时主张恢复肉刑；在“举贤论”中,认为君主应该从士人中选拔贤人以治理国家,并提出了具体的选拔方式,对于基层官吏尤其应该加以重视。在第四章中,主要讨论了《抱朴子外篇》的文化思想,分为“社会批判”、“仁明论”、“贵今论”、“重文论”四个方面。葛洪对于世风是十分失望的,认为当时浮华交游、酗酒成风、待人无礼,这都是需要靠“礼”和“学”来改变的。在“仁明论”上,主张“明”高于“仁”,这是与传统儒家思想互异的,因此也收到了后世学者的非议。在“贵今论”中,主张历史是进化的,因此不可以执泥古代。在“文章论”中,认为文章今胜于古,重视文章的现实意义和实用性,尤其是子书应该大力发展。在第五章中,讨论了《抱朴子外篇》中的儒道关系和对诸子的反思。在“儒道关系”上,首先对“儒”“道”二者的概念加以分析分类,由于《抱朴子外篇》和《抱朴子内篇》的内容侧重不同,因此造成前者认为儒家思想是重于道家思想,而后者则是恰恰相反。对于诸子的反思,主要体现于对于老庄、墨子和杨朱的深刻认识：对于老庄,相对而言称赞老子非议庄子；对于墨子,葛洪的理解十分深刻,不但在节葬等方面赞同,在言行观上以及“辨／辩”方面,都继承了墨子的思想；对于杨朱,则赞同其“拔一毛而利天下不为也”的思想。
[Abstract]:Ge Hong , the famous scholar in the Wei and Jin Dynasties , the Taoist school of the outside of the Taoist school of Dan , it is the most important position in the history of Chinese thought . Because the academic circle is rich in the research results of the essay and most of them has been established , this paper mainly discusses the philosophical thought , political thoughts and cultural thoughts in the outer part of the essay .

In the first chapter , the author mainly discusses the historical facts of Ge Hong himself , and carries on the statistical analysis of the outer part of Ge Hong himself . On the basis of the historical facts of Ge Hong himself , the author mainly focuses on the problem of Ge Hong stroke .
" Mr . Ge Hong ' s 81 - year - old , " he said , marked the establishment of the status of Mr . Ge Hong in the history of Taoism .

This chapter starts with the basic statistics , and it can be seen from the basic statistics that the characters between chapters differ greatly from the basic statistics , except for the factors that are lost by ancient books .
In terms of order analysis , the two chapters and the status of the two chapters , which are located in the two chapters of " learning " and " teaching " , are very important .
In the analysis of the content of each chapter , there are some parts related to the content , for example , the chapter of the chapter on the relationship between the content and the content , such as the chapter of Jia Lian Qiao / Xu Yimin , and the chapter on the discussion of the content .

In the second chapter , we mainly discuss the concept of words and deeds , the outlook on life and the view of concealment . In the first section , by analyzing the words " and " line " , we can find that Mr . Ge Hong ' s theory of life is the inheritance of the concept of deeds since the Pre - Qin period and the product of the special historical situation in the Wei and Jin Dynasties . In the second section , it is quite different from the attitude of the scholars since the Western Han Dynasty . In the third section , we analyzed the hidden thoughts of Ge Hong and put forward the proposition of " Rebirth " .
It is not against the authority of the government , but also from the grass - roots teaching , trying to rebuild the scholar ' s wind ;
Due to the social unrest , it is also an important way for the scholar to realize the outlook on life .

In the third chapter , the author mainly discusses the political thoughts of Xiang - Ji - zi ' s external essays , which is divided into " monarch theory " , " monarch theory " , " gift - penalty theory " and " substantiation theory " . In " the monarch theory " , he criticized the non - monarch of the statement , saying that the appearance of the monarch is necessary and conforms to the development law of nature and human society ;
In the theory of the monarch , the ideal " monarch " and " minister " quality were described , and stern criticism was put forward on the minister ' s waste Jun .
In the theory of " ceremony punishment " , it is proposed that the rule of ruling the country , the " rite " also need to be omitted , so as to avoid the form of formality , and advocate the restoration of corporal punishment ;
In the theory of substantiation , it is believed that the monarch should select the virtuous people from the scholar in order to govern the country , and put forward the concrete selection way , which should pay more attention to the grass - roots officials .

In the fourth chapter , the author mainly discusses the cultural thoughts of Xiang - Ji ' s external essays , which is divided into four aspects : " social criticism " , " benevolence " theory " , " noble and present theory " and " heavy literary theory " .

In the fifth chapter , we discuss the relationship between Confucianism and Taoism and the reflection on the Confucius . In the Confucianism , the concept of Confucianism and Taoism is analyzed and classified .
For Mo Zi , Ge Hong ' s understanding is very deep , not only in the respects of burials , but also in the aspect of words and deeds and the " differentiation / defense " , all have inherited the idea of Mo Zi ;
For Yang Zhu , he agrees with his idea of " pulling a feather and benefiting the world " .
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K235

【参考文献】