清代新疆民族关系研究

发布时间：2018-07-10 18:23

本文选题：清代 + 新疆　；参考：《西北大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：新疆地处我国西北边陲,自古以来就是一个多民族聚居区。特殊的地理位置和民族构成决定了新疆民族关系的重要性。新疆民族关系的好坏与否直接关系到国家的安全与社会的长治久安。清代作为我国统一多民族大家庭最终形成的一个重要历史阶段,通过对这一时期新疆民族关系的系统研究,具有重要的现实意义和学术价值。清朝初年,新疆各族人民处于准噶尔汗国的统治下。准噶尔贵族奉行“执其酋,收其赋”的政策,在被征服地区推行繁重的苛捐杂税,企图将其变成汗国的物资供应基地。繁重的税赋,无数的杂税和经常的勒索压得新疆各族人民喘不气过来,从而激化了民族矛盾,加剧了新疆地区的动乱。尽管这一时期,准噶尔统治者禁止新疆各族人民与内地间私下存在经济、贸易联系。但新疆各族人民与内地之间的交流仍没有中断,主要是通过准噶尔汗国对内地所派遣的大量贸易使团和商队进行的。乾嘉年间,清政府完成了对天山南北的统一,结束了新疆长达数百年的政局动荡、战乱不断的局面。为加强对新疆诸族的统治,清政府因地制宜实施了一系列行之有效的民族政策,拉近了清朝与新疆诸族之间的关系。同时,这一时期新疆各民族之间的经济交流亦得到进一步加强,各民族之间文化的相互影响和互相渗透更为普遍,新疆的民族关系达到了历史上的最好时期。道咸同时期,清朝吏治日益腐败,财政紧缺。清朝在新疆的地方官员与当地伯克相勾结,更加重了对新疆各族人民的剥削,致使新疆地区民族矛盾激化,民族关系紧张,农民起义斗争此起彼伏。与此同时,浩罕、英国、俄国等境外势力对新疆虎视眈眈,并不断派遣人员渗入新疆进行分裂活动。帝国主义的侵略,使得新疆各民族都面临着被殖民、奴役的命运。在反帝反封建的斗争中,新疆各族人民的中华民族多元一体观念和国家观念得到进一步升华,形成了共同进行反帝反封建斗争的历史潮流。建省后,清朝在各族人民的协助下重新收复新疆。为巩固在新疆的统治,清政府在新疆政治、军事、经济和文化等方面进行一系列的改革,使得道咸同时期新疆地区一度恶化的民族关系在一定程度得到缓解和恢复。不仅彻底打破了清朝在新疆长期推行的民族隔离政策,开创了新疆各族人口流迁的新格局,新疆近现代多元民族分布格局得以正式形成,而且新疆各民族间经济、文化的交流进一步深入,新疆地方与祖国内地的联系更为密切。尤其是“新政”期间,新疆民族关系朝着多元化的方向发展。不仅延续和进一步加深了有清以来新疆各族人民与内地之间的经济文化交流。新疆各族人民同仇敌忾,共同反抗外来侵略的斗争仍在继续。同时,随着帝国主义侵略的加剧及在晚清“新政”期间各种新式学堂的开办及派遣留学生出国留学,“泛伊斯兰主义”和“泛突厥主义”开始传入新疆。它们被新疆个别少数民族上层所利用,披着宗教和民族主义的外衣,煽动民族矛盾,人为破坏新疆各族人民的关系,增加了近现代新疆民族关系的复杂性。总之,清代新疆民族关系的发展都是围绕着准噶尔汗国、清朝与新疆各民族、新疆各民族之间的关系而展开,并贯穿着清代新疆民族关系发展的始终。近代以后,随着帝国主义侵略的加深,新疆各族人民反帝反封建斗争的一致性,又构成了近代新疆乃至中国民族关系发展的另一特点。
[Abstract]:Xinjiang is located in the border area of northwest China , it is a multi - ethnic settlement area since ancient times . The special geographical position and ethnic composition determine the importance of ethnic relations in Xinjiang . The relationship between ethnic groups in Xinjiang is directly related to the long - term stability of the country ' s security and society .

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty , the people of Xinjiang were under the rule of the Khan state of Junggar . The noble lords of Junggar pursued the policy of " holding the United Arab Emirates and collecting their Fu " , and tried to transform them into the capital supply base of the country . In spite of this period , the rulers of the Junggar Autonomous Region prohibit the existence of economic and trade links between the people of Xinjiang and the Mainland . However , the exchange between the people of Xinjiang and the Mainland has not been interrupted , mainly through the large number of trade missions and commercial teams dispatched by the Junggar han State to the Mainland .

During the period of Qian - chia , the Qing government has completed the unification of the north and south of Tianshan Mountains and ended the situation of political instability and chaos in Xinjiang for hundreds of years . In order to strengthen the rule of Xinjiang ' s ethnic groups , the Qing government has implemented a series of effective national policies in order to strengthen the relations between the Qing Dynasty and the ethnic groups in Xinjiang . At the same time , the economic exchanges between the ethnic groups in Xinjiang have been further strengthened . At the same time , the mutual influence and infiltration of the cultures among the peoples are more common , and the ethnic relations in Xinjiang have reached the best time in history .

In the struggle against imperialism and feudalism , the people of Xinjiang have been confronted with the destiny of colonization and slavery . In the struggle of anti - imperialist and anti - feudalism , the Chinese nation ' s multi - integration concept and national concept are further sublimated , and the historical trend of common anti - imperialist and anti - feudal struggle has been formed .

In order to consolidate the rule of Xinjiang , the Qing government has made a series of reforms in Xinjiang ' s political , military , economic and cultural fields .

In short , the development of ethnic relations in Xinjiang is based on the relations between the Han countries of Junggar and the ethnic groups in Xinjiang and the ethnic groups in Xinjiang . After the modern times , with the deepening of the imperialist aggression , the anti - imperialist and anti - feudal struggle of the people of Xinjiang and the other features of the development of the ethnic relations in Xinjiang and even the Chinese .
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】