秦汉逃亡犯罪研究

发布时间：2018-07-12 21:31

本文选题：犯罪 + 逃亡　；参考：《首都师范大学》2005年博士论文

【摘要】：逃亡犯罪，是指社会成员没有得到政府许可，，没有取得合法手续而私自离开户籍所在地迁徙他乡，违反了秦汉国家户籍和关津管理制度的犯罪行为。本文共六章，从秦汉逃亡犯罪的类型、原因、政府预防和控制犯罪的制度、措施、影响等方面考察了秦汉时期的逃亡犯罪现象。秦汉逃亡犯罪按照主体和原因的不同，分为政治犯罪逃亡、刑事犯罪逃亡、军事犯罪逃亡、民众流亡四大类。政治犯罪逃亡是政治人物因为政治原因而逃亡，主要有六国残余、儒生、方士、反秦志士的逃亡，汉初敌对集团残余人物、诸侯王属官的逃亡，以及汉代重大政治事件引起的的逃亡，还有其他政治原因引起的逃亡。刑事犯罪逃亡是各种人物因为犯罪而亡命他乡，分为“恶少年”、豪侠、政府官员、盗贼犯罪逃亡，复仇杀人而逃亡，以及其他原因引起的刑事犯罪逃亡。秦汉军事犯罪逃亡主要有楚汉战争时期、两汉之际和汉匈战争过程中的军事逃亡。上述三类属于犯罪者为了躲避惩罚而逃亡，即“罪人亡”。民众流亡则是普通民众在没有犯罪的前提下，因为各种原因而脱籍亡命。秦汉之际、两汉之际、东汉末年的大规模民众流亡表现出不同的特点，秦汉之际大多以个体家庭为单位流亡他乡，两汉之际出现以宗族为主体逃入营堡避难的短距离逃亡，东汉末年则以大规模的宗族集团为单位亡命他乡。各种人物在逃亡后或者隐匿民间求生，或者亡入山林川泽为盗。引起大规模逃亡犯罪出现的表层原因有土地兼并、苛捐杂税、自然灾害、吏治腐败、战乱侵扰等等：而深层原因则在于社会劳动方式从村社集体耕作变为小农独立耕作、基层经济组织由宗族为单位变为小家庭独立生产、政治制度由封建官僚代替世卿世禄等经济、政治制度的变化。国家政权是预防和控制逃亡犯罪的物质基础，秦汉时期的分封制和郡县关系的变化也影响到国家对逃亡犯罪的控制和预防。乡里制度和关津制度是秦汉政府预防和控制逃亡犯罪的基础。在逃亡犯罪的预防和控制上，秦朝以严厉镇压为主，汉代则采取了一系列措施，包括定期实行大赦、假民公田、减租赋、赐爵、赐钱帛牛酒、赈贷迁徙等，这些措施在预防和减少逃亡犯罪方面都有一定的作用。秦汉法律对逃亡的惩治有严密的规定，根据逃亡者是否有其他犯罪，逃亡时间长短施以不同的惩罚。地方相关官吏负有抓捕逃亡者的责任，遇到大规模逃亡出现时朝廷还会派出专门使者主持抓捕。各级官吏经常用占卜的方式来确定逃亡者的相关情况。秦汉时期还存在对逃亡者的赎罪规定。秦汉时期的逃亡现象影响到了社会政治格局的变迁、地区经济的发展以及周边少数民族社会的发展。秦汉时期政府预防和控制逃亡犯罪的政策、措施一直影响到整个封建社会。
[Abstract]:The escape crime means that the members of the society do not get the permission of the government and have not obtained the legal formalities to leave the residence of the household registration and the criminal behavior of the management system of the Qin and Han countries. In this article, the types of the crime of escaping from the Qin and Han dynasties, the reasons, the system, measures, and influence of the government to prevent and control the crime, are six chapters. The phenomenon of fugitive crime in the Qin and Han Dynasties was examined in the face of the face of the Qin and Han Dynasties.
According to the differences between the main body and the reasons, the fugitive crimes of the Qin and Han Dynasties are divided into four categories: the escape of political crime, the escape of criminal offences, the escape of military crimes, and the exile of the people. The escape of political crime is the political figure, which mainly includes the remnants of the six countries, the Confucian students, the alms, the anti Qin ideals, the remnants of the hostilities in the early Han Dynasty, and the princes Wang Shuguan The fugitive escape, as well as the escape from the major political events in the Han Dynasty, and the escape from other political reasons. The escape of criminal offences is the death of all kinds of characters because of the crime, divided into the "evil youth", the hero, the government officials, the thieves escaping, the revenge killings and the escape, and the escape of the criminal offences caused by other reasons. The three categories belong to the war period of the Chu and Han Dynasties, the Han Dynasty and the military escape during the Han and Hungarian wars. The above-mentioned categories belong to the perpetrators of the crime in order to escape punishment, that is, "the death of the people". The exile of the people is the common people's exile from the premise of no crime, because of various reasons. The time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Han Dynasty, the last year of the Eastern Han Dynasty The mass exile has different characteristics. Most of the people in the Qin and Han Dynasties were exiled by the individual family as a unit. In the Han Dynasty, there was a short distance escape from the clan as the main body to escape from the camp. In the last year of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large clan group was lost. The mountain forest is stolen in Sichuan.
The surface causes of large-scale fugitive crime are land merger, exorbitant tax, natural disasters, corruption of officials and war, and so on. The deep reason lies in the social labor mode from collective farming to small peasant independent farming, the grass-roots economic organizations change from the patriarchal clan to the small family and the political system is feudal. The state power is the material basis for the prevention and control of the fugitive crime, and the change of the relationship between the feudalism and the counties and counties during the Qin and Han dynasties also affects the state's control and prevention of the fugitive crime. The rural system and the Guan Jin system are the basis for the Qin and Han government to prevent and control the fugitive crime.
In the prevention and control of fugitive crime, the Qin Dynasty was dominated by severe repression, and a series of measures were taken in the Han Dynasty, including the regular implementation of amnesty, false people's public field, rent reduction, grant, money, silk, silk and money, and relief and migration. These measures have a certain role in preventing and reducing the crime of escaping. According to the rules, according to whether the fugitives have other crimes, the escape time will be punished differently. The local officials are responsible for the arrest of the fugitives, and the court will also send special envoys to preside and capture the arrests when they encounter large-scale escape. The officials at all levels often use the way of divination to confirm the related circumstances of the fugitives. The Qin and Han dynasties also existed The redemption of the fugitives. The escape of the Qin and Han Dynasties affected the changes in the social and political pattern, the development of the regional economy and the development of the surrounding minority society. The policies of the government to prevent and control the crime of escaping in the period of the Qin and Han dynasties have always affected the whole feudal society.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K232

【参考文献】