宋朝厢军若干问题研究
发布时间：2018-07-26 20:00
【摘要】： 厢军本为五代时期能征惯战的“藩镇之兵”。北宋初年,赵匡胤在加强中央集权的过程中,采用“收其精兵”的方略,把厢军中的精锐扩充到禁军中去,同时又奉行“养兵”政策,保留了厢军这一旧有的军队组织形式,形成了北宋正规军独特的“禁军——厢军”二元组织结构。在这个过程中,厢军由五代时期的藩镇之兵变为国家正兵,由强悍之兵变为短弱之兵,由征战之兵变为集多兵种于一体的功能繁多、构成复杂的军队,成为为宋朝社会政治经济制度服务的工具。 厢军在宋朝特别是在北宋时期,是一支不可忽视的军事力量,它不仅是宋初组建禁军的重要基础,而且是以后禁军扩充的重要兵源,也是吸纳不合格禁军的重要载体。北宋时期,厢军和禁军是紧密相连、互相依存、不可分割的整体,厢军的存在为募兵制条件下的禁军建设提供了有利条件。除了“业壹事专”的役兵外,作为“诸州之镇兵”的厢军,一般都具有军事职能,承担相应的防御和戍守任务。北宋中期以前,厢军也实行更戍制度,东南地区厢军的更戍较为普遍,补充了这一地区禁军力量的不足；元丰以前,厢军是巡检系统中的基本军事力量之一,发挥了维护地方治安的作用。厢军对外防御和对内镇压的军事职能,在一些具体战例中得到了程度不同的体现。由于厢军疏于教阅,常常被用于各种工役,从总体上看,其军事职能的发挥情况南宋不及北宋,而且在北宋不如禁军,在南宋不如屯驻大军。 厢军是中国古代特有的兵种,其独特之处就在于这支军队“类多给役”,被广泛应用于城防设施建设、治河、递铺、官营手工业生产等领域,其中的壮城兵、递铺兵、河清兵、捍江兵、开江兵、堰军以及官营手工业中的修造、壮役、清务、钱监、万全指挥等专业兵种,在相关领域发挥了骨干作用,而这些领域的工役在前代主要是靠无偿征发民力来完成的。在宋代,以厢军从事多种工役不仅是朝廷的既定政策,而且大体上为各级官员所奉行,如在治河、修城等耗费劳动力巨大的工役中,单独使用厢军完成任务的官员往往受到褒奖,主张役使厢军的计划往往得到批准和支持,役使民力的计划有时会被否定,役使民力的工役往往受到抨击。厢军的存在,的确减少了对农民力役的不时征调,有利于减轻农民负担,缓和社会矛盾,发展社会生产。 宋朝的厢军就其成分而言,除了破产失业的社会群体以外,大量的罪犯也被发配其中,厢军中的牢城兵基本上由配军组成。从劳役角度观察,厢军制度具有强制性和剥削性。宋朝统治者为了强化社会管理,以军队的形式控制破产失业的社会群体和罪犯,驱使他们从事各种劳役,实际上是以一种劳役形式替代另一种劳役形式,以一种剥削形式掩盖另一种剥削形式,只不过比之于直接驱使农民从事劳役具有一定的隐蔽性罢了。因此,厢军制度掩盖了封建国家奴役和剥削人民的本质,具有一定的欺骗性。厢军虽然有一定的军俸、补贴和赏赐,但常常受到各级官员的盘剥,在急难险重的工役中,疾病和死亡更是在所难免。 厢军制度是宋朝特定政治经济条件下的产物。保留厢军这一军队组织形式,是宋初统治者稳定藩镇旧兵,缓和社会矛盾的举措,而宋初统治者募兵弭盗的思想则为厢军制度的存在提供了思想条件；中唐以后迄于宋代,土地私有制、租佃关系和雇募关系的普遍发展,农民和手工业者对于国家人身依附关系的削弱,是厢军制度存在的社会经济根源。这些交织的复杂因素,使得厢军这一军队组织形式在宋朝长期存在。如果仅仅从从军事制度上观察,厢军制度的确不是善制。但值得注意的是,宋朝统治者在新的历史条件下,第一次大规模地长期将军队的组织形式同封建的生产方式(直接表现为官营手工业)相结合,同社会公共事务管理相结合,强化了封建政府的基本职能,收效较为明显。这从一个侧面反映了唐宋变革之际政府履行职能方式的变化。 宋朝以后,厢军制度在整体上不复存在,但与厢军职能相类似的军种却在中国以后的封建社会中以不同的名目长期存在,只不过在规模和职能所及范围上远不如宋代罢了。综观古今中外的军队,其职能呈现出由单一的军事职能向以军事职能为主多种职能并存的方向发展,相应地出现了多种名目的专业兵,近代以来尤其如此,而这种变化最早全面地在宋朝厢军制度中得以体现。尽管我们不能断定这种变化来源于宋朝厢军制度,至少来说,认真研究厢军制度对当代军事制度和军队建设仍然具有不可忽视的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, adopted the strategy of "collecting its soldiers" in the process of strengthening centralization in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and extended the elite of the army to the forbidden army. At the same time, he pursued the policy of "raising soldiers", and retained the old military organizational form of the army, forming the regular army of the Northern Song Dynasty. In this process, in this process, the military change of the fan town in the five generation period is the national army, from the strong military change to the short and weak army, and from the war of war to the integration of many kinds of troops, constitute a complex army, and become a tool for serving the social and political and economic system of the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, especially during the Northern Song Dynasty, the army was an important military force that could not be ignored. It was not only an important basis for the establishment of the forbidden army in the early Song Dynasty, but also an important military source for the expansion of the army in the future. It was also an important carrier to absorb the unqualified troops. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the box army and the forbidden army were closely connected, interdependent, inseparable, and the army. There was a favorable condition for the construction of the army under the condition of the system of raising the army. In addition to the "one" military service, the box army, as the "town soldier of the state", generally had military functions and assumed the corresponding defense and garrison tasks. Before the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the army also carried out the garrison system, and the garrison in the southeast region was more common and added. Before Yuan Feng, the box army was one of the basic military forces in the inspection system, and played the role of maintaining local security. The military functions of the army's foreign defense and the internal repression were different in some specific cases. On the whole, the military function of the Southern Song Dynasty was not as good as that of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The unique feature of the army is the ancient Chinese army, whose unique features lie in the army "multi service", which is widely used in the construction of city defense facilities, river management, delivery, and handicraft industrial production, among which the Zhuang Cheng soldiers, the delivery soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the weir army and the official camp industry, and the military service, the Qing, the Qian Jian, and the army. The full command and other professional armed forces played a key role in the related fields, and the former generation in these fields was accomplished mainly by the unpaid collection of civilian power. In the Song Dynasty, it was not only the established policy of the court, but also in general for officials at all levels, for example, the huge labor service, such as the river management and the repair of the city, in the Song Dynasty. In the middle, the officials who use the box army to accomplish the task are often praised, and the plan of the army is often approved and supported. The plan of the working force is sometimes denied, and the working service is often attacked. The existence of the box army does reduce the frequent requisition of the peasants' active service, which is beneficial to lighten the burdens of the peasants and ease the society. Contradictions, the development of social production.
In terms of the composition of the Song Dynasty, a large number of criminals were also sent apart from the social groups that were bankrupt and unemployed, and the prison soldiers in the box army were basically composed of military forces. From the angle of servitude, the army system was mandatory and exploited. In order to strengthen the management of the society, the rulers of the Song Dynasty controlled the society of bankruptcy and unemployment in the form of army. The groups and criminals, which drive them to work in various types of labour, actually replace another form of servitude in one form of labour, and cover up another form of exploitation in a form of exploitation, only a certain concealment than directly driving the peasants to engage in labour. Therefore, the box army system conceals the slavery and exploiters of the feudal state. The essence of the people has a certain deceitful nature. Although the army has certain military salaries, subsidies and rewards, it is often exploited by officials at all levels. In the urgent and dangerous work, the disease and death are unavoidable.
The army system was the product of the special political and economic conditions of the Song Dynasty. The organizational form of the reservation of the army was a measure of stabilizing the old soldiers and alleviating social contradictions by the rulers of Song Chu, while the thoughts of the rulers in the early Song Dynasty provided the ideological conditions for the existence of the army system; after the middle Tang Dynasty, the land private system and tenancy were in the Song Dynasty. The general development of relations and employment relations, the weakening of the dependency relationship between the peasants and the handicraftsmen, is the social and economic root of the existence of the box army system. These complex factors make the military organization form in the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty for a long time. If only from the military system, the box army system is indeed not a good system. However, it is worth noting that, under the new historical conditions, the first large-scale long-term general organization of the Song Dynasty was combined with the feudal mode of production (the direct performance of the official handicraft industry), combined with the public affairs management of the society, and strengthened the basic function of the feudal government, which was reflected more clearly. This was reflected from one side. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the way the government performed its functions changed.
After the Song Dynasty, the system of the box army had not existed on the whole, but the military kind similar to the box army's function existed for a long time in the feudal society after China. It was only far less than the Song Dynasty in the scope and function of the army. The functions of the army in the ancient and modern times showed a single military function to the military. In the direction of the coexistence of functions and functions, a variety of famous professional soldiers have appeared, especially in modern times. This change was first fully reflected in the Song Dynasty box army system. Although we can't conclude that this kind of change comes from the Song Dynasty box army system, at least, carefully study the box army system to the contemporary military. System and army building still have a significant reference value.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：E292;K244
本文编号：2147132
[Abstract]:In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, adopted the strategy of "collecting its soldiers" in the process of strengthening centralization in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and extended the elite of the army to the forbidden army. At the same time, he pursued the policy of "raising soldiers", and retained the old military organizational form of the army, forming the regular army of the Northern Song Dynasty. In this process, in this process, the military change of the fan town in the five generation period is the national army, from the strong military change to the short and weak army, and from the war of war to the integration of many kinds of troops, constitute a complex army, and become a tool for serving the social and political and economic system of the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, especially during the Northern Song Dynasty, the army was an important military force that could not be ignored. It was not only an important basis for the establishment of the forbidden army in the early Song Dynasty, but also an important military source for the expansion of the army in the future. It was also an important carrier to absorb the unqualified troops. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the box army and the forbidden army were closely connected, interdependent, inseparable, and the army. There was a favorable condition for the construction of the army under the condition of the system of raising the army. In addition to the "one" military service, the box army, as the "town soldier of the state", generally had military functions and assumed the corresponding defense and garrison tasks. Before the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the army also carried out the garrison system, and the garrison in the southeast region was more common and added. Before Yuan Feng, the box army was one of the basic military forces in the inspection system, and played the role of maintaining local security. The military functions of the army's foreign defense and the internal repression were different in some specific cases. On the whole, the military function of the Southern Song Dynasty was not as good as that of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The unique feature of the army is the ancient Chinese army, whose unique features lie in the army "multi service", which is widely used in the construction of city defense facilities, river management, delivery, and handicraft industrial production, among which the Zhuang Cheng soldiers, the delivery soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the river soldiers, the weir army and the official camp industry, and the military service, the Qing, the Qian Jian, and the army. The full command and other professional armed forces played a key role in the related fields, and the former generation in these fields was accomplished mainly by the unpaid collection of civilian power. In the Song Dynasty, it was not only the established policy of the court, but also in general for officials at all levels, for example, the huge labor service, such as the river management and the repair of the city, in the Song Dynasty. In the middle, the officials who use the box army to accomplish the task are often praised, and the plan of the army is often approved and supported. The plan of the working force is sometimes denied, and the working service is often attacked. The existence of the box army does reduce the frequent requisition of the peasants' active service, which is beneficial to lighten the burdens of the peasants and ease the society. Contradictions, the development of social production.
In terms of the composition of the Song Dynasty, a large number of criminals were also sent apart from the social groups that were bankrupt and unemployed, and the prison soldiers in the box army were basically composed of military forces. From the angle of servitude, the army system was mandatory and exploited. In order to strengthen the management of the society, the rulers of the Song Dynasty controlled the society of bankruptcy and unemployment in the form of army. The groups and criminals, which drive them to work in various types of labour, actually replace another form of servitude in one form of labour, and cover up another form of exploitation in a form of exploitation, only a certain concealment than directly driving the peasants to engage in labour. Therefore, the box army system conceals the slavery and exploiters of the feudal state. The essence of the people has a certain deceitful nature. Although the army has certain military salaries, subsidies and rewards, it is often exploited by officials at all levels. In the urgent and dangerous work, the disease and death are unavoidable.
The army system was the product of the special political and economic conditions of the Song Dynasty. The organizational form of the reservation of the army was a measure of stabilizing the old soldiers and alleviating social contradictions by the rulers of Song Chu, while the thoughts of the rulers in the early Song Dynasty provided the ideological conditions for the existence of the army system; after the middle Tang Dynasty, the land private system and tenancy were in the Song Dynasty. The general development of relations and employment relations, the weakening of the dependency relationship between the peasants and the handicraftsmen, is the social and economic root of the existence of the box army system. These complex factors make the military organization form in the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty for a long time. If only from the military system, the box army system is indeed not a good system. However, it is worth noting that, under the new historical conditions, the first large-scale long-term general organization of the Song Dynasty was combined with the feudal mode of production (the direct performance of the official handicraft industry), combined with the public affairs management of the society, and strengthened the basic function of the feudal government, which was reflected more clearly. This was reflected from one side. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the way the government performed its functions changed.
After the Song Dynasty, the system of the box army had not existed on the whole, but the military kind similar to the box army's function existed for a long time in the feudal society after China. It was only far less than the Song Dynasty in the scope and function of the army. The functions of the army in the ancient and modern times showed a single military function to the military. In the direction of the coexistence of functions and functions, a variety of famous professional soldiers have appeared, especially in modern times. This change was first fully reflected in the Song Dynasty box army system. Although we can't conclude that this kind of change comes from the Song Dynasty box army system, at least, carefully study the box army system to the contemporary military. System and army building still have a significant reference value.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：E292;K244
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