五燕史研究
发布时间：2018-07-28 16:24
【摘要】： 慕容鲜卑为我国古代东胡鲜卑族的一支,关于其名号的含义历来纷争较多,但在目前史料匮乏的情况下,还无法对其名号下一定论；而在慕容鲜卑中存在的“慕容”、“慕舆”两姓分化情况,本文在考订两个姓氏出现先后等情况后,提出分姓的出现是在北魏时期,而形成确定的分姓理念则要晚到隋唐时期的新观点。 慕容鲜卑在迁入塞内之前,经历了一个从西向东、从北向南渐进的迁徙过程,最终进入了辽西塞内居住。此后,在慕容魔的汉化改革,以及此后几代首领的努力推动之下,慕容部的实力迅速发展,在今天的东北、华北地区相继建立了前、后、西、南四个燕国政权,而此后出现的北燕虽然为汉人冯氏所建,但仍是直接继承后燕的历史遗产。五燕政权延续一个半世纪——从慕容魔掌控慕容部(285年),到冯氏北燕在北魏统一北方的战争中被吞并(436年)——期间兴衰起伏,其兴起既有政治清明、军事实力强盛、经济发展、文化进步等内部因素,也有当时北方持续动荡的外部条件的影响；而其衰落则突显了内部各种矛盾的交错、激化。 五燕政权所实行的政治制度可以分为两个大的部分,即延续汉魏旧制和专门设置用来统治少数民族的机构两种系统,也就是采取了十六国时期少数民族政权中常见的“胡汉分治”措施。而其中统治少数民族的职官系统,在前、后、北燕时期始终存在,其中既有借用匈奴等民族的职官,也有鲜卑传统的民族职官；三燕时期统治少数民族的职官系统之间有着明确的发展、继承关系；其变化则是因为内外形势的不断变化所导致的。 五燕由于是鲜卑化政权,所以其经济与文化都包含有慕容鲜卑部落时期和五燕政权时期两部分内容。早期突出表现为慕容鲜卑自身游牧经济、文化下所反映的各方面内容；后期则表现为在慕容鲜卑汉化过程中所带来经济、文化等的变化、发展和融合。一方面慕容鲜卑自身经济、文化发生转化；另一方面,慕容鲜卑游牧经济、特色文化进入中原,也丰富了传统汉文化的内涵。 五燕因为其鲜卑政权的特殊背景,国内的阶级、民族关系表现出了鲜明的复杂性特征：而慕容鲜卑的汉化过程则表现出了整体主动性、快速性的特点, 五燕政权灭亡之后,慕容鲜卑及冯氏后裔大多进入北魏政权,最后在北方民族汉化大潮中融入了汉族。但其发展过程又有各自的特点：慕容鲜卑的发展过程表现出了明显的曲折性：冯氏则表现为汉人在沾染“夷俗”后,再次恢复汉化的历程。 总之,慕容鲜卑、五燕政权对我国古代民族、政治、经济、文化等各方面都做出了较为突出的贡献,产生了极大影响。
[Abstract]:Murong Xianbei is a member of the East Hu Xianbei nationality in ancient China. The meaning of its name has always been controversial, but in the present situation of lack of historical data, it is not possible to make a conclusion on its name; but in Murong Xianbei, there is a "Murong" in Murong Xianbei. After examining the two surnames, this paper puts forward that the appearance of the separation of surnames was in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the formation of the concept of dividing the surnames was late to the Sui and Tang dynasties. Murong Xianbei went through a gradual migration process from west to east and from north to south before moving into Sene, and finally entered into Sene residence in western Liaoning. Since then, thanks to the reform of Murong's Sinicization and the efforts of successive generations of leaders, Murong's strength has developed rapidly. In today's northeast, North China has successively established four Yanguo regimes before, after, and in the west and south. The subsequent emergence of the North Yan although built by the Han people Feng, but still directly inherited the historical heritage of Yan. The five Yan regime lasted for a century and a half from Murong's control of Murong (285 years) to the rise and fall of Feng Shibei Yan's annexation in the Northern Wei Dynasty's war to unify the north (436). Its rise and fall included both political clarity and military strength. The internal factors, such as economic development and cultural progress, also had the influence of the external conditions which continued to be turbulent in the north at that time, but its decline highlighted the interlacing and intensifying of various internal contradictions. The political system implemented by the Wuyan regime can be divided into two major parts, namely, the continuation of the old system of the Han and Wei dynasties and the establishment of institutions specifically designed to rule ethnic minorities. That is to say, the measures of "Hu-Han partition and rule", which are common in the regime of ethnic minorities in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, were adopted. Among them, the official system of ruling ethnic minorities, before, after, the Northern Yan period has always existed, including borrowing from the Xiongnu and other ethnic official, but also the traditional Xianbei ethnic official; There was a clear development and inheritance relationship between the official system that ruled the minority nationality in the three Yan period, which was caused by the constant change of internal and external situation. Because Wuyan is Xianbei regime, its economy and culture contain two parts: Murong Xianbei Tribal period and Wuyan regime period. The early prominent performance is the nomadic economy of Murong Xianbei and the various aspects reflected under the culture; the later period is the change, development and integration of economy, culture and so on brought in the process of Murong Xianbei's Sinicization. On the one hand, Murong Xianbei own economy and culture transformation; on the other hand, Murong Xianbei nomadic economy, characteristic culture into the Central Plains, but also enriched the connotation of traditional Chinese culture. Because of the special background of his Xianbei regime, Wuyan's class and ethnic relations in China showed distinct characteristics of complexity: the process of Murong Xianbei's Sinicization showed the overall initiative. After the death of Wuyan regime, Murong Xianbei and Feng's descendants mostly entered the Northern Wei regime, and finally incorporated the Han nationality into the Han nationality. However, its development process has its own characteristics: Murong Xianbei's development process shows obvious tortuosity; Feng's performance is that the Han people resumed the process of Sinicization after being contaminated with "foreign customs". In a word, Murong Xianbei and Wuyan regime made outstanding contributions to ancient Chinese nationality, politics, economy, culture and so on.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K238
本文编号：2150872
[Abstract]:Murong Xianbei is a member of the East Hu Xianbei nationality in ancient China. The meaning of its name has always been controversial, but in the present situation of lack of historical data, it is not possible to make a conclusion on its name; but in Murong Xianbei, there is a "Murong" in Murong Xianbei. After examining the two surnames, this paper puts forward that the appearance of the separation of surnames was in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the formation of the concept of dividing the surnames was late to the Sui and Tang dynasties. Murong Xianbei went through a gradual migration process from west to east and from north to south before moving into Sene, and finally entered into Sene residence in western Liaoning. Since then, thanks to the reform of Murong's Sinicization and the efforts of successive generations of leaders, Murong's strength has developed rapidly. In today's northeast, North China has successively established four Yanguo regimes before, after, and in the west and south. The subsequent emergence of the North Yan although built by the Han people Feng, but still directly inherited the historical heritage of Yan. The five Yan regime lasted for a century and a half from Murong's control of Murong (285 years) to the rise and fall of Feng Shibei Yan's annexation in the Northern Wei Dynasty's war to unify the north (436). Its rise and fall included both political clarity and military strength. The internal factors, such as economic development and cultural progress, also had the influence of the external conditions which continued to be turbulent in the north at that time, but its decline highlighted the interlacing and intensifying of various internal contradictions. The political system implemented by the Wuyan regime can be divided into two major parts, namely, the continuation of the old system of the Han and Wei dynasties and the establishment of institutions specifically designed to rule ethnic minorities. That is to say, the measures of "Hu-Han partition and rule", which are common in the regime of ethnic minorities in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, were adopted. Among them, the official system of ruling ethnic minorities, before, after, the Northern Yan period has always existed, including borrowing from the Xiongnu and other ethnic official, but also the traditional Xianbei ethnic official; There was a clear development and inheritance relationship between the official system that ruled the minority nationality in the three Yan period, which was caused by the constant change of internal and external situation. Because Wuyan is Xianbei regime, its economy and culture contain two parts: Murong Xianbei Tribal period and Wuyan regime period. The early prominent performance is the nomadic economy of Murong Xianbei and the various aspects reflected under the culture; the later period is the change, development and integration of economy, culture and so on brought in the process of Murong Xianbei's Sinicization. On the one hand, Murong Xianbei own economy and culture transformation; on the other hand, Murong Xianbei nomadic economy, characteristic culture into the Central Plains, but also enriched the connotation of traditional Chinese culture. Because of the special background of his Xianbei regime, Wuyan's class and ethnic relations in China showed distinct characteristics of complexity: the process of Murong Xianbei's Sinicization showed the overall initiative. After the death of Wuyan regime, Murong Xianbei and Feng's descendants mostly entered the Northern Wei regime, and finally incorporated the Han nationality into the Han nationality. However, its development process has its own characteristics: Murong Xianbei's development process shows obvious tortuosity; Feng's performance is that the Han people resumed the process of Sinicization after being contaminated with "foreign customs". In a word, Murong Xianbei and Wuyan regime made outstanding contributions to ancient Chinese nationality, politics, economy, culture and so on.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K238
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 俄琼卓玛;后秦史[D];陕西师范大学;2012年
，本文编号：2150872
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