宋代科举与乡村社会
发布时间：2018-08-06 15:27
【摘要】：五代和宋朝政权由游民武装建立，脱离于乡村宗族势力。五代时官僚家庭要么依附于政权而脱离乡村社会，要么在乡村社会发展而脱离政权。宋代乡村社会在国家组织系统之外自行运作，包括对乡村资源的支配、对乡村共同利益的维护、意识形态、宗族组织等四个方面。 宋朝的科举是选拔文人官僚的途径，也是吸纳游民、防范游民武装集团形成的手段，体现了专制政权权力普遍化的倾向。从事科举意味着背井离乡，，以及财力、人力的巨大投入，这给农业家庭在乡村社会的经营带来很大影响，乡村子弟对科举常感不适应。但乡村社会也热衷于科举，因为科举使他们的势力超越了乡村社会。科举是家庭的事业，乡村社会往往组织几代人、甚至全家族的力量共同参与科举。 宋朝以“乡举里选”为幌子，通过“三舍法”等手段，试图达到“一道德”等权力扩张的目的，但归于失败。理学家要求将理学纳入科举制度。通过科举理学化，专制政权与乡村社会之间产生一种并存和相互限制的新机制。根据理学的理论，乡村社会与国家都是“天理”秩序的一部分，乡村社会的精英可以通过理学以及在乡村的地位，声称自己是“天理”秩序和国家政治中的重要环节。通过科举与理学，宋代以来“国家与社会”关系达成了一种新的整合机制，这是“唐宋变革”的一个关键，而所谓的“士绅阶层”也正是这种整合机制的结果。
[Abstract]:The regimes of the five dynasties and the Song Dynasty were established by the vagrants and separated from the rural clan forces. In the five dynasties, bureaucratic families were either dependent on the regime and divorced from the rural society. The rural society in Song Dynasty operated on its own outside the national organization system, including the domination of rural resources, the maintenance of rural common interests, ideology and clan organization. The imperial examination of the Song Dynasty is a way to select literati bureaucrats, also a means to absorb travellers and guard against the formation of armed groups of travellers, which reflects the tendency of the power of autocratic regime to be generalized. To engage in imperial examinations means to leave their homes, and to invest a great deal of money and manpower, which has a great impact on the management of agricultural families in the rural society, and the children of the villages are often not adapted to the imperial examinations. But rural society is also keen on imperial examinations, because imperial examinations make them more powerful than rural society. Imperial examination is a family career, rural society often organized several generations, even the whole family forces to participate in the imperial examination. The Song Dynasty tried to achieve the purpose of "one morality" and other power expansion under the guise of "the election of the village" and through the means of "three houses law", but failed. Neo-Confucianism demands that Neo-Confucianism be brought into the imperial examination system. Through the Neo-Confucianism of imperial examination, the autocratic regime and the rural society produced a new mechanism of coexistence and mutual restriction. According to the theory of Neo-Confucianism, both rural society and country are part of the order of "heaven", and the elite of rural society can claim that they are important links in the order of "heaven" and national politics through Neo-Confucianism and their status in the countryside. Through imperial examination and Neo-Confucianism, the relationship between "state and society" has reached a new integration mechanism since the Song Dynasty, which is a key to the "transformation of Tang and Song dynasties", and the so-called "gentry stratum" is the result of this kind of integration mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K244
本文编号：2168152
[Abstract]:The regimes of the five dynasties and the Song Dynasty were established by the vagrants and separated from the rural clan forces. In the five dynasties, bureaucratic families were either dependent on the regime and divorced from the rural society. The rural society in Song Dynasty operated on its own outside the national organization system, including the domination of rural resources, the maintenance of rural common interests, ideology and clan organization. The imperial examination of the Song Dynasty is a way to select literati bureaucrats, also a means to absorb travellers and guard against the formation of armed groups of travellers, which reflects the tendency of the power of autocratic regime to be generalized. To engage in imperial examinations means to leave their homes, and to invest a great deal of money and manpower, which has a great impact on the management of agricultural families in the rural society, and the children of the villages are often not adapted to the imperial examinations. But rural society is also keen on imperial examinations, because imperial examinations make them more powerful than rural society. Imperial examination is a family career, rural society often organized several generations, even the whole family forces to participate in the imperial examination. The Song Dynasty tried to achieve the purpose of "one morality" and other power expansion under the guise of "the election of the village" and through the means of "three houses law", but failed. Neo-Confucianism demands that Neo-Confucianism be brought into the imperial examination system. Through the Neo-Confucianism of imperial examination, the autocratic regime and the rural society produced a new mechanism of coexistence and mutual restriction. According to the theory of Neo-Confucianism, both rural society and country are part of the order of "heaven", and the elite of rural society can claim that they are important links in the order of "heaven" and national politics through Neo-Confucianism and their status in the countryside. Through imperial examination and Neo-Confucianism, the relationship between "state and society" has reached a new integration mechanism since the Song Dynasty, which is a key to the "transformation of Tang and Song dynasties", and the so-called "gentry stratum" is the result of this kind of integration mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K244
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前2条
1 李晓珏;;科举考试制度下的宋代房屋租赁业[J];江西社会科学;2009年02期
2 邵卯仙;荣国庆;王永革;邵有山;;试论科举影响下晋城文学的发展[J];晋城职业技术学院学报;2012年04期
相关博士学位论文 前3条
1 王朝阳;宋代士人经商研究[D];陕西师范大学;2011年
2 张雪红;传播与转型：走向生活世界的宋代社会教化研究[D];华东师范大学;2010年
3 黄杰;比较历史视野下的大国治理问题研究：以耦合治理结构与治理绩效的关系为线索[D];复旦大学;2012年
相关硕士学位论文 前6条
1 姚帅;宋代乡村社会空间研究[D];暨南大学;2011年
2 胡雯姬;晋身之阶[D];华中科技大学;2011年
3 王勇;晁公恆诗歌研究[D];东北师范大学;2008年
4 李玫;科举、家族与地方社会[D];南昌大学;2008年
5 甘美芳;宋朝的“吏强官弱”[D];云南大学;2010年
6 孟德鸿;宋代植物纹饰意蕴研究[D];齐齐哈尔大学;2012年
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