清乾隆朝强化“国语”法律保护问题研究
发布时间：2018-08-14 19:10
【摘要】：公元1599年2月,努尔哈赤命额尔德尼、噶盖借用蒙古文字创造老满文,从而使满族在本民族文化发展上实现了历史性突破。1632年,皇太极命达海改进满文,提高了满文的使用范围,自此成为有清一代正式的官方文字。作为一个入主中原的少数民族政权,如何在汉族占绝大多数的国家中保持和发展本民族的语言文字,不重蹈前代辽、金、元等少数民族政权的覆辙,无疑是关系清朝“国体”的大问题。从清太宗皇太极将满语确立为“国语”那天起,历朝皇帝都试图通过有效法律措施来保护“国语”,尽管入关后形势发生了很大变化,但这种努力始终没有停止过,这也是清朝贯彻始终的一项基本国策。 乾隆作为清朝入关后的第四位皇帝,他在位期间(1736—1796年)清朝的综合国力世界第一,这即是后世所称的“乾隆盛世”。而在清朝的众多皇帝中,乾隆无疑是一个非常有民族个性并十分注重保护本民族传统的君主,在坚持“满洲根本”的基本国策上,在通过制度措施保护“国语”的问题上,他都是表现的最突出的一个。清入关以后的前几任皇帝迫于形势,一般都采取鼓励满族学习汉文化的措施,致使很多满族人对本民族的“国语”越来越生疏,到乾隆中后期甚至出现了严重的“国语”使用危机。对此,乾隆并没有一味的放任自流,听之任之,而是采取了一系列法律保护措施来强化清朝的“国语’这些措施包括：屡发上谕反复强调维护“国语”对清朝统治的重要性,进一步将“国语”作为国家的职官制度、八旗制度官员的任用考核制度、教育制度、科举考试制度中的重要内容来贯彻推行,突出反映了乾隆想通过制度的力量保护“国语”的努力。 乾隆采取的一系列保护“国语”的法律措施收到了比较明显的成效。例如,对“国语”的学习和使用人数大为增加,“国语”的应用范围越益广泛。通过学校教育和翻译科考试,“国语”本身也获得了很大发展,并在一定程度上延缓了“国语”衰落的趋势。清乾隆时进行的强化“国语”法律保护的历史现象,既有乾隆本人的重视和大力提倡,但更是维护清朝长久统治的现实需要。这其中包含的意义和价值,如法律措施在保护民族语言文字和中华民族文化遗产中的重要作用等方而,这些正反两方面的历史经验和教训,无疑都很值得我们认真加以总结。 本文拟分绪论和四章来展开论述。 绪论部分主要阐述了问题的缘起、研究意义、研究现状和研究方法等问题。作为文章的开篇,理应首先阐明写作本文的“问题意识”、研究的理论实践意义和当前学术界的研究现状等问题。 第一章清朝“国语”的概念和“国语”问题。本章分三节：第一节,首先阐明“国语”的概念,指出清朝的“国语”指的是什么及“国语”与其他相关概念的区别和联系,“国语”在清朝的特殊法律地位,这些都是本文立论的基础和前置性关键问题；第二节,从历史发展视角,初步梳理了清代“国语”的历史发展过程：第三节,研究乾隆朝强化“国语”法律保护问题的意义。 第二章乾隆朝在军政方面强化“国语”法律保护,这是本文的主体部分。第一节,屡发上谕强调保护“国语”的重要性；第二节,乾隆朝对八旗使用“国语”的强化；第三节,乾隆朝对官员使用“国语”的强化。 第三章乾隆朝在文教方面强化“国语”法律保护,该部分也是本文的主体部分。第一节,通过学校加强“国语”教育；第二节,翻译科考试的发展；第三节,其他加强“国语”保护的措施。 第四章乾隆朝强化“国语”法律保护的原因及评析。第一节,乾隆强化“国语”法律保护的主要原因分析；第二节,乾隆朝强化“国语”法律保护所取得的成效；第三节,乾隆朝强化“国语”法律保护存在的问题。 结语部分是对本文的总结。主要说明：一、多民族国家在实现国家治理过程中,保持多种民族语言文字的共生互补有利于民族发展和民族进步；二、清朝通过法律措施保护民族语言文字的做法值得借鉴；三、语言文字作为民族文化传承的重要载体,必须加强其保护措施以弘扬中华文化。
[Abstract]:In February 1599, Nurhachi ordered Erdeni and Gagai to borrow Mongolian characters to create the old Manchu, which made a historic breakthrough in the development of Manchu culture. In 1632, Emperor Taiji ordered Dahai to improve the Manchu script and improve its scope of use. Since then, it has become the official script of the Qing Dynasty. It is undoubtedly a major issue concerning the "national system" of the Qing Dynasty that how the regimes of several nationalities preserved and developed their own languages and languages in the majority of the Han nationality countries and did not repeat the mistakes of the regimes of the Liao, Jin and Yuan nationalities of the previous dynasties. From the day when Emperor Tai Chi of the Qing Dynasty established Manchu as the "national language", the emperors of all previous dynasties tried to adopt effective laws. Legal measures to protect the "national language" have changed greatly since the entry into the customs, but such efforts have never stopped, which is also a basic national policy implemented throughout the Qing Dynasty.
As the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was the first emperor in the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1796). This was what later generations called the "Qianlong Flourishing Age". Among the many emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was undoubtedly a monarch who had a very national personality and paid great attention to the protection of his national tradition and insisted on the "Manchuria Basics". In the basic state policy, he was the most prominent one in protecting the Mandarin language through institutional measures. Several previous emperors after the Qing Dynasty were forced to take measures to encourage Manchu to learn Chinese culture under the circumstances. As a result, many Manchus became more and more alienated from the Mandarin language of their own nation, even in the middle and late Qianlong period. There was a serious crisis in the use of the Mandarin. Instead of indulging himself, Qianlong adopted a series of legal protective measures to strengthen the Mandarin of the Qing Dynasty. These measures included repeated imperial edicts stressing the importance of maintaining the Mandarin to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and further taking the Mandarin as the state. The official system, the eight banners system, the appointment and examination system of officials, the education system and the imperial examination system have been carried out, which highlights Qianlong's efforts to protect the Mandarin through the strength of the system.
A series of legal measures taken by Qianlong to protect the "Mandarin" have yielded obvious results. For example, the number of people studying and using the "Mandarin" has increased greatly, and the application of the "Mandarin" has become more and more extensive. The historical phenomenon of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty has not only been emphasized and strongly advocated by Qianlong himself, but also is more necessary to safeguard the long-term rule of the Qing Dynasty. These positive and negative historical experiences and lessons are undoubtedly worthy of our careful summary.
This paper is divided into four chapters: introduction and introduction.
The introduction mainly expounds the origin of the problem, research significance, research status and research methods and other issues. As the beginning of the article, we should first clarify the "problem awareness" of writing this article, the theoretical and practical significance of the study and the current academic research status and other issues.
The first chapter is about the concept of "Guoyu" and "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is to clarify the concept of "Guoyu" and point out what "Guoyu" means in the Qing Dynasty and the differences and connections between "Guoyu" and other related concepts. The special legal status of "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty is the basis and precondition of this thesis. The second section, from the perspective of historical development, preliminarily combs out the historical development process of the "national language" in the Qing Dynasty: the third section, studies the significance of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The second chapter is the main part of this paper. The first section emphasizes the importance of protecting the national language. The second section emphasizes the use of the national language in the Eight Banners. The third section emphasizes the use of the national language by officials.
Chapter three is about strengthening the legal protection of Mandarin in culture and education in the Qianlong Dynasty, which is also the main part of this paper.
The fourth chapter is the reasons and analysis of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty. The first section is the analysis of the main reasons for strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin"; the second section is the achievements of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty; and the third section is the problems of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The concluding part is a summary of this paper. It mainly explains: first, in the process of national governance, maintaining the symbiosis and complementarity of multi-ethnic languages is conducive to national development and national progress; second, the Qing Dynasty through legal measures to protect the national language and writing practices worth learning; third, language and writing as a national cultural heritage. The important carrier must strengthen its protection measures to promote the Chinese culture.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249.3
本文编号：2183841
[Abstract]:In February 1599, Nurhachi ordered Erdeni and Gagai to borrow Mongolian characters to create the old Manchu, which made a historic breakthrough in the development of Manchu culture. In 1632, Emperor Taiji ordered Dahai to improve the Manchu script and improve its scope of use. Since then, it has become the official script of the Qing Dynasty. It is undoubtedly a major issue concerning the "national system" of the Qing Dynasty that how the regimes of several nationalities preserved and developed their own languages and languages in the majority of the Han nationality countries and did not repeat the mistakes of the regimes of the Liao, Jin and Yuan nationalities of the previous dynasties. From the day when Emperor Tai Chi of the Qing Dynasty established Manchu as the "national language", the emperors of all previous dynasties tried to adopt effective laws. Legal measures to protect the "national language" have changed greatly since the entry into the customs, but such efforts have never stopped, which is also a basic national policy implemented throughout the Qing Dynasty.
As the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was the first emperor in the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1796). This was what later generations called the "Qianlong Flourishing Age". Among the many emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was undoubtedly a monarch who had a very national personality and paid great attention to the protection of his national tradition and insisted on the "Manchuria Basics". In the basic state policy, he was the most prominent one in protecting the Mandarin language through institutional measures. Several previous emperors after the Qing Dynasty were forced to take measures to encourage Manchu to learn Chinese culture under the circumstances. As a result, many Manchus became more and more alienated from the Mandarin language of their own nation, even in the middle and late Qianlong period. There was a serious crisis in the use of the Mandarin. Instead of indulging himself, Qianlong adopted a series of legal protective measures to strengthen the Mandarin of the Qing Dynasty. These measures included repeated imperial edicts stressing the importance of maintaining the Mandarin to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and further taking the Mandarin as the state. The official system, the eight banners system, the appointment and examination system of officials, the education system and the imperial examination system have been carried out, which highlights Qianlong's efforts to protect the Mandarin through the strength of the system.
A series of legal measures taken by Qianlong to protect the "Mandarin" have yielded obvious results. For example, the number of people studying and using the "Mandarin" has increased greatly, and the application of the "Mandarin" has become more and more extensive. The historical phenomenon of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty has not only been emphasized and strongly advocated by Qianlong himself, but also is more necessary to safeguard the long-term rule of the Qing Dynasty. These positive and negative historical experiences and lessons are undoubtedly worthy of our careful summary.
This paper is divided into four chapters: introduction and introduction.
The introduction mainly expounds the origin of the problem, research significance, research status and research methods and other issues. As the beginning of the article, we should first clarify the "problem awareness" of writing this article, the theoretical and practical significance of the study and the current academic research status and other issues.
The first chapter is about the concept of "Guoyu" and "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is to clarify the concept of "Guoyu" and point out what "Guoyu" means in the Qing Dynasty and the differences and connections between "Guoyu" and other related concepts. The special legal status of "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty is the basis and precondition of this thesis. The second section, from the perspective of historical development, preliminarily combs out the historical development process of the "national language" in the Qing Dynasty: the third section, studies the significance of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The second chapter is the main part of this paper. The first section emphasizes the importance of protecting the national language. The second section emphasizes the use of the national language in the Eight Banners. The third section emphasizes the use of the national language by officials.
Chapter three is about strengthening the legal protection of Mandarin in culture and education in the Qianlong Dynasty, which is also the main part of this paper.
The fourth chapter is the reasons and analysis of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty. The first section is the analysis of the main reasons for strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin"; the second section is the achievements of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty; and the third section is the problems of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The concluding part is a summary of this paper. It mainly explains: first, in the process of national governance, maintaining the symbiosis and complementarity of multi-ethnic languages is conducive to national development and national progress; second, the Qing Dynasty through legal measures to protect the national language and writing practices worth learning; third, language and writing as a national cultural heritage. The important carrier must strengthen its protection measures to promote the Chinese culture.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249.3
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