宋代地理学的观念、体系与知识兴趣
发布时间：2018-08-24 11:14
【摘要】： 本文从中国古代地理学原本的知识体系出发,分别从观念、体系和知识兴趣三个方面勾勒了宋代地理学发展的基本面貌。 首先,通过对宋代书目和类书的系统梳理,我们认为宋代地理学观念,在总体上表现出了明显的地理学学科意识。就书目而言,我们发现,宋人对地理学的观念性规定沿着疆域地理的路径前进。与此相伴随的是,《山海经》所代表的古代地理学传统开始逐渐被有意识地淡化。最为引人注目的是,南宋初年,郑樵对地理学所做的分类,构成了一幅两宋之际,具有浓郁学科意识(专门之学)的地理学景观。 而在类书的分类中,从北宋前期开始,由山、水等自然名词、概念组成的“地”和由“州郡”构成的疆域地理渐次被纳入具有明确地理学观念的“地理”部类名下,从而构成一套比较完整的地理知识体系。在分类实践中,地理-舆地-州郡的概念与范围日趋明确,层次逐渐分明。尤其是谢维新以“舆地提纲”的名义,对山川、道路等具体地理对象的地理学意味进行了系统阐述,是宋代地理学观念发展的集中表现。总体上,地理部类内部知识的同一性增强的过程中,外部的相异性也得到了加强。 其次,本文从文献撰述性质、技术传统等角度考察了宋代王朝地理学体系的演变。认为,闰年图和图经,作为地方定期搜集并上报中央的两种不同形式的王朝地理档案,在北宋中后期就逐渐停废,向由地方官组织,或士大夫私撰的州县地理著述过渡。至于南宋,成为风尚。虽然其中相当一部分继承了北宋图经的体例,但是成书的方式已经发生了很大变化,不再上报中央,也不再以档案的形式保存和管理,而是以著述的形式流传,并成为地方政治与文化的一种象征。另一方面,在定期的闰年地图之外,绵密的公务地图测绘奏报体系,和大量普通测绘官僚的工作,不仅形成了一套行之有效的空间统治技术,更有力地推进了宋代地图测绘技术的发展,成为沈括等人编绘天下舆图和总结地图学理论的基础。尤为突出的是,北宋朝廷积极修纂各类天下地理图籍,不断构筑新的天下形象,并形成了固定的修篡机构,一度成为中央政治权力的一个重要舞台,随着两宋之际政治地理局势的改变,至于南宋似乎突然陷入停顿,地方取代中央,成为王朝地理资料搜集与编撰的主体。 而在面向外部的王朝地理探索中,两宋时代所面临的政治地理局势,对当时地理学的发展产生了直接而显著的影响。如界至勘会突破了以“五服”为核心的古典政治地理观念,发展了一套边界划分的原则和人文空间的地理表示方法。因使节往还,而产生的大量奉使语录或诗歌等,记录了当时最新的与国地理资料,而更有价值的是,频繁的奉使旅行开阔了当时学者的地理视野,深化了对北方自然与人文地理的认识,促进了地理学知识的累积。而士大夫对海外知识的积极态度,则使那些随海外贸易而来的世界知识,得以从零碎的片段转变为有条理的系统知识,并逐渐形成比较完整而客观的海外世界观念。 本文的第三部分,则站在宋代学术的基础上,对地理学知识兴趣的发展进行了深入的讨论。认为,在北宋时代,受河患频仍的影响,学者对于《禹贡》的认识多集中于“水学”。至于南宋,随着政治与学术形势的变化,《禹贡》之学逐渐摆脱经学的束缚,尤其在朱熹、程大昌的努力下,经过归纳与总结,形成一套持之有据,行之有效的地理考证理论与方法,为士大夫所易于实践,将囿于经典传注的《禹贡》学导入地理学专题研究的时代。 而在地理著述方面,宋人热心于撰述各种当代地理著述,同时历史地理考证蔚然成风,好为名山福地之书。最引人注目的是,两宋时代的学者对于自然有着十分浓厚的兴趣,不仅审美性自然观发达,更能够积极地从客观合理的角度思考、解释各种自然现象,甚至通过长期的经验观测进行实证,这在当时的士大夫中并不是偶然的现象,而是一种比较普遍的状态,余靖等人的潮汐论和沈括杰出的科学成就是这一知识兴趣的产物。值得重视的是,在宋代理学格物思想的影响下,观察并记录各种自然与地理现象成为当时日记体的必备项目。 通过上述考察,我们认为在当时学术与政治背景下,宋代地理学在实践领域取得了巨大的发展和繁荣,但是在认识领域同时也发生了很大的变化。王朝地理学开始日益沿着以记录疆域变迁为核心的方向发展;地理学中地方与地点表示的数量传统逐渐削弱,文学与历史认同的表示方法得到迅速的发展,并日益占据统治地位;学者逐渐将地理学当做专门之学看待,但是与这个过程相伴随的是地理学的人文化方向发展;而蓬勃发展的对自然的知识兴趣,虽然在一定程度上曾经将经验实证方法带入了地理学之中,但是它并没有成为知识的潮流,更没有能够改变认识自然的基本方法。因此宋代地理学所取得的繁荣并没有让中国古代地理学取得突破性的进展,换句话说,地理学不是一个可以孤立发展的学科。
[Abstract]:Starting from the original knowledge system of ancient Chinese geography, this paper outlines the basic outlook of the development of Geography in Song Dynasty from three aspects: concept, system and interest in knowledge.
Firstly, by systematically combing the bibliographies and classified books of the Song Dynasty, we think that the concept of Geography in the Song Dynasty has shown a clear sense of geography as a whole. Most notably, Zheng Qiao's classification of Geography in the early Southern Song Dynasty constituted a geographic landscape with a strong sense of discipline (specialty).
In the classification of classified books, from the early Northern Song Dynasty, the concept of "land" and "prefecture" composed of natural terms such as mountains and rivers were gradually incorporated into the category of "geography" with clear geographical concepts, thus forming a relatively complete set of geographical knowledge system. Especially in the name of "Geographical Outline", Xie Weixin systematically expounded the geographical implications of specific geographical objects such as mountains, rivers and roads, which was the concentrated expression of the development of geographical concepts in the Song Dynasty. The opposite sex has also been strengthened.
Secondly, this paper examines the evolution of the Song Dynasty's geographic system from the perspectives of the nature of documentation and the tradition of technology. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, it became fashionable. Although quite a few of them inherited the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, the way of writing books had changed greatly. They were no longer reported to the central government, nor kept and managed in the form of archives. Instead, they were circulated in the form of writings and became a symbol of local politics and culture. In addition to regular leap year maps, the meticulous system of Surveying and mapping and the work of a large number of ordinary surveying and mapping bureaucrats not only formed a set of effective space domination techniques, but also promoted the development of mapping technology in Song Dynasty, and became the basis for Shen Kuo and other people to compile and draw world maps and summarize the theory of cartography. Out of this, the Northern Song Dynasty actively compiled all kinds of maps and books of the world's geography, constantly constructed a new image of the world, and formed a fixed repair and usurpation organization, which once became an important stage of the central political power. With the change of the political and geographical situation between the two Song Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty seemed suddenly to be in a standstill, and the local government replaced the central government and became the geographic capital of the Dynasty The main body of material collection and compilation.
The political geography situation faced by the Song Dynasty had a direct and significant impact on the development of geography at that time. For example, Jiezhijian Association broke through the classical political geography concept with "five clothes" as the core, and developed a set of boundary division principles and geographical representation of human space. A large number of ambassadorial quotations or poems produced by the return of envoys recorded the latest geographic data at that time. What is more valuable is that frequent ambassadorial travel broadened the geographic horizons of scholars at that time, deepened the understanding of northern natural and human geography, and promoted the accumulation of geographical knowledge. Attitude, on the other hand, transforms the world knowledge that comes with overseas trade from fragments to systematic knowledge, and gradually forms a more complete and objective concept of the overseas world.
In the third part of this paper, on the basis of the Song Dynasty's academic research, the author makes a thorough discussion on the development of the interest in geography knowledge.He holds that in the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by the frequent flooding of rivers, scholars'understanding of Yugong was mostly concentrated on "water science". As for the Southern Song Dynasty, with the change of political and academic situation, Yugong gradually got rid of Confucianism. Especially under the efforts of Zhu Xi and Cheng Dachang, a set of well-founded and effective theories and methods of geographic textual research have been formed, which are easy to be practiced by scholar-bureaucrats and will be confined to the era of introducing the classical Yugong study into the special study of geography.
The most striking thing is that scholars in the Song Dynasty were very interested in nature, not only the aesthetic view of nature was developed, but also the objective and reasonable view of nature was more active. Interpretation of various natural phenomena, even through long-term empirical observation, was not an accidental phenomenon among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time, but a relatively common state. Yu Jing's tidal theory and Shen Kuo's outstanding scientific achievements were the product of this interest in knowledge. Observing and recording all kinds of natural and geographical phenomena became the necessary items of the diary body at that time.
Through the above investigation, we think that under the academic and political background, Song Dynasty geography has made great progress and prosperity in the field of practice, but great changes have taken place in the field of cognition. Quantitative traditions are weakening, and literary and historical identities are developing rapidly and occupying a dominant position; scholars are treating geography as a specialized subject, but this process is accompanied by the development of the humanistic orientation of geography; and the flourishing interest in natural knowledge, to a certain extent. Empirical method has been introduced into geography, but it has not become a trend of knowledge, nor can it change the basic method of understanding nature. Therefore, the prosperity of Geography in the Song Dynasty did not make a breakthrough in ancient China's geography, in other words, geography is not an isolated subject.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K244;K90
本文编号：2200648
[Abstract]:Starting from the original knowledge system of ancient Chinese geography, this paper outlines the basic outlook of the development of Geography in Song Dynasty from three aspects: concept, system and interest in knowledge.
Firstly, by systematically combing the bibliographies and classified books of the Song Dynasty, we think that the concept of Geography in the Song Dynasty has shown a clear sense of geography as a whole. Most notably, Zheng Qiao's classification of Geography in the early Southern Song Dynasty constituted a geographic landscape with a strong sense of discipline (specialty).
In the classification of classified books, from the early Northern Song Dynasty, the concept of "land" and "prefecture" composed of natural terms such as mountains and rivers were gradually incorporated into the category of "geography" with clear geographical concepts, thus forming a relatively complete set of geographical knowledge system. Especially in the name of "Geographical Outline", Xie Weixin systematically expounded the geographical implications of specific geographical objects such as mountains, rivers and roads, which was the concentrated expression of the development of geographical concepts in the Song Dynasty. The opposite sex has also been strengthened.
Secondly, this paper examines the evolution of the Song Dynasty's geographic system from the perspectives of the nature of documentation and the tradition of technology. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, it became fashionable. Although quite a few of them inherited the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, the way of writing books had changed greatly. They were no longer reported to the central government, nor kept and managed in the form of archives. Instead, they were circulated in the form of writings and became a symbol of local politics and culture. In addition to regular leap year maps, the meticulous system of Surveying and mapping and the work of a large number of ordinary surveying and mapping bureaucrats not only formed a set of effective space domination techniques, but also promoted the development of mapping technology in Song Dynasty, and became the basis for Shen Kuo and other people to compile and draw world maps and summarize the theory of cartography. Out of this, the Northern Song Dynasty actively compiled all kinds of maps and books of the world's geography, constantly constructed a new image of the world, and formed a fixed repair and usurpation organization, which once became an important stage of the central political power. With the change of the political and geographical situation between the two Song Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty seemed suddenly to be in a standstill, and the local government replaced the central government and became the geographic capital of the Dynasty The main body of material collection and compilation.
The political geography situation faced by the Song Dynasty had a direct and significant impact on the development of geography at that time. For example, Jiezhijian Association broke through the classical political geography concept with "five clothes" as the core, and developed a set of boundary division principles and geographical representation of human space. A large number of ambassadorial quotations or poems produced by the return of envoys recorded the latest geographic data at that time. What is more valuable is that frequent ambassadorial travel broadened the geographic horizons of scholars at that time, deepened the understanding of northern natural and human geography, and promoted the accumulation of geographical knowledge. Attitude, on the other hand, transforms the world knowledge that comes with overseas trade from fragments to systematic knowledge, and gradually forms a more complete and objective concept of the overseas world.
In the third part of this paper, on the basis of the Song Dynasty's academic research, the author makes a thorough discussion on the development of the interest in geography knowledge.He holds that in the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by the frequent flooding of rivers, scholars'understanding of Yugong was mostly concentrated on "water science". As for the Southern Song Dynasty, with the change of political and academic situation, Yugong gradually got rid of Confucianism. Especially under the efforts of Zhu Xi and Cheng Dachang, a set of well-founded and effective theories and methods of geographic textual research have been formed, which are easy to be practiced by scholar-bureaucrats and will be confined to the era of introducing the classical Yugong study into the special study of geography.
The most striking thing is that scholars in the Song Dynasty were very interested in nature, not only the aesthetic view of nature was developed, but also the objective and reasonable view of nature was more active. Interpretation of various natural phenomena, even through long-term empirical observation, was not an accidental phenomenon among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time, but a relatively common state. Yu Jing's tidal theory and Shen Kuo's outstanding scientific achievements were the product of this interest in knowledge. Observing and recording all kinds of natural and geographical phenomena became the necessary items of the diary body at that time.
Through the above investigation, we think that under the academic and political background, Song Dynasty geography has made great progress and prosperity in the field of practice, but great changes have taken place in the field of cognition. Quantitative traditions are weakening, and literary and historical identities are developing rapidly and occupying a dominant position; scholars are treating geography as a specialized subject, but this process is accompanied by the development of the humanistic orientation of geography; and the flourishing interest in natural knowledge, to a certain extent. Empirical method has been introduced into geography, but it has not become a trend of knowledge, nor can it change the basic method of understanding nature. Therefore, the prosperity of Geography in the Song Dynasty did not make a breakthrough in ancient China's geography, in other words, geography is not an isolated subject.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K244;K90
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前2条
1 潘晟;;南宋州郡志:地方官、士人、缙绅的政治与文化舞台[J];史学史研究;2009年04期
2 潘晟;;图经源流再讨论[J];中国地方志;2010年01期
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 杜芝明;宋朝边疆地理思想研究[D];西南大学;2011年
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 王洪芳;宋代对东南亚诸国的认识[D];上海师范大学;2011年
2 岳娜;宦游如梦记平生[D];北京大学;2012年
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