北魏中央集权过程研究
发布时间：2018-09-08 09:24
【摘要】： 北魏是稳定地统治中原地区100多年的第一个少数民族王朝。他们为什么改革了本族固 有的姓名、语言和服饰呢？世界历史上尚未有过统治民族主动放弃已使用过的本民族的姓 氏和语言，接受被统治民族的姓氏和语言的先例。为什么北魏政权达到鼎盛时候突然推行 了改革？那么实施改革的背景是什么呢？ 目前历史学界普遍主张孝文帝改革的目的就是为了实现汉化，果真如此，其推行汉化 的目的是什么？北魏只为汉化推行改革吗？一般来说，由中央推行的改革，都是为了富国 强兵，为了实现富国强兵，所有统治权力应集中在中央。改革的成功和失败与中央集权有 密切的关系。中央推进改革的能力也与中央集权有密切的关系。本文从这一点来进行研究。 中央并不意味着一个人。中央不仅仅是皇帝一个人。皇帝是中央的顶点，而不是中央 本身。中央是指以皇帝为中心的皇室和支持皇室存立的宗亲和官吏集团。过去研究普遍认 为中央集权是指中央政治权力和地方势力之间的政治隶属关系。当然应该包括这一点。但 是为了扩大中央政权的影响力，而在政治、经济、社会、文化以及生活诸多方面展开的中 央集权的措施，，也是属于中央集权的范畴。 当中央控制地方时认为实现了中央集权，相反中央不能控制地方则认为是地方分权， 这种理解是片面的。在中国历史上真正的中央集权或完整的地方分权，只限在很短的一段 时期，实际上其演变推移的过程，反而占据了大部分时间。因此，研究中央集权过程是有 利于把握一个王朝的变化和性质，研究中央权力的变化发展过程是很有必要的而有价值的， 所以本文对中央集权的过程做了阐述。 本文试图从中央集权的角度理解北魏政权。本文将北魏中央集权的变化过程及其特点 分为四大阶段，进行研究。主要论点： 第一章是以武力的方式初步确立中央集权的道武帝到太武帝时期：北魏初期政权通过武 力和有组织的军事系统，扩大支配领域与支配力量，而以战掠物增加国家财富而扩充统治 的物质基础，军事专政的色彩尚浓厚。逐渐实行双重体制，建设政权。解散部落，分土定 居，徙民而计口受田，加强基层大众的直接控制。为了要统治华北地区，需要汉族士人的 统治经验，吸引汉人参政，利用他们加强对华北进行统治。其过程中，也产生了不得不进 行打击汉人的情况。 第二章是通过改善用人体制，稳定中央集权的文成帝和献文帝时期：维持军事方面的 稳定，推行掌握旧官僚的措施，扩大对地方权力的中央统治力度，使选举得人，刷新吏治， 加强监察，力图作到上命下达，以扩充朝廷的支配力量。 第三章是通过大举改革，达到中央集权顶峰的孝文帝时期：大力推行改革措施，棒禄 制的实施有利于保护秉公守法的官吏和惩处违令的宫僚，有利于中央掌握官吏。均田制和 三长制用土地分配措施，把握基层民众，将其归入到国家的编户齐民之中。迁洛是定都于 中原之中心，以利于扩大统治力。以洛阳为中心重新选定新的标准语是中央集权统治的必 然程序。为适合中原气候，北魏政权推行强制性服饰改革。同时国家强行推行的胡汉士人 阶层秩序的重组，通过通婚的手段确立中央权威。按唯才是举的原则，逐渐改革选举制， 慎重选举官吏。 第四章是中央集权日趋衰颓的宣武帝及其后时期：朝纲不振，在于委用非人，不可能 产生正确的决策，自然也不可能有清明的政治，也不可能存在有所作为的中央集权政府了。 停年格实施后，宫吏管理制度紊乱，削弱了中央的影响力，也加快了北魏的灭亡。身分低 贱、生活艰难的军人，公开造反。原先赖以立国的强大军事实力，己是战斗力涣散，被野 心家利用，不再是由朝廷直接掌控的有效武装力量。由是原来声威强大的中央政权，迅速 陷于衰颓。
[Abstract]:The Northern Wei Dynasty was the first minority Dynasty to rule the Central Plains steadily for more than 100 years.
What about names, languages and costumes? No ruling nation in the history of the world has voluntarily given up the names of its own people
Family name and language, the precedent of accepting the surname and language of the ruling nation. Why did the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty suddenly implement it when it reached its peak
What is the background of implementing reform?
The purpose of the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to realize sinicization. If so, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to promote sinicization.
What was the purpose? Was the Northern Wei Dynasty only carrying out reforms for the Chinese culture? Generally speaking, the reforms carried out by the central government were all for the purpose of enriching the country.
In order to make the country rich and the army strong, all the governing power should be concentrated in the central government. The success and failure of the reform and the centralization of power have
The ability of the central government to promote reform is also closely related to centralization of power.
The center does not mean a person. The center is not just the emperor. The emperor is the apex of the center, not the center.
The central government refers to the imperial family centered around the emperor and the clan and official groups supporting the existence of the imperial family.
Centralization refers to the political affiliation between the central political power and the local forces. This should be included, of course.
In order to enlarge the influence of the central government, it is in the political, economic, social, cultural and many other aspects of life.
Centralization measures also belong to the centralization of power.
When the central government controls the localities, it thinks that centralization of power has been achieved, whereas when the central government cannot control the localities, it thinks that decentralization of power has been achieved.
This understanding is one-sided. True centralization or complete decentralization in Chinese history is limited to a very short period.
In fact, most of the time is occupied by the process of its evolution. Therefore, the study of the process of centralization is necessary.
It is necessary and valuable to grasp the change and nature of a dynasty and study the change and development process of central power.
So this article expounds the process of centralization.
This paper attempts to understand the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the perspective of centralization of power.
The research is divided into four stages.
The first chapter is the preliminary establishment of centralized Taoist Emperor Wudi to the Taiwudi period by means of force: the early Northern Wei Dynasty regime passed the armed forces
An organized military system that enlarges the sphere of domination and power, and enlarges the rule by increasing the wealth of the nation with prey.
The material foundation and the color of the military dictatorship are still strong. Gradually, a dual system will be implemented to build political power. Tribes will be dissolved and the soil will be divided.
To rule North China, the Han scholars are needed.
The experience of governing attracted the Han people to govern and made use of them to strengthen their rule over North China. In the process, the Han people had to enter the country.
We should fight against the Han people.
The second chapter is the period of Emperor Wencheng and Emperor Xianwen by improving the employment system and stabilizing the centralization of power: maintaining the military aspect
Stability, the implementation of measures to control the old bureaucracy, the expansion of the central rule of local power, so as to elect people, the renewal of bureaucracy,
We should strengthen supervision and strive to achieve the goal of expanding the ruling power of the court.
The third chapter is the period of Emperor Xiaowen who reached the peak of centralization through a large-scale reform: vigorously carrying out reform measures, sticking to luxury
The implementation of the system is conducive to the protection of impartial and law-abiding officials and the punishment of bureaucrats who violate the law. It is conducive to the central government to master the officials.
The three-long system of land allocation measures, grasp the grassroots people, put it into the country's households and the people.
The centre of the Central Plains is for the enlargement of dominance. It is necessary for the central authorities to re-select the new standard language with Luoyang as the centre.
However, in order to adapt to the climate of the Central Plains, the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out mandatory dress reform. At the same time, the state forcibly implemented the Hu Han scholars.
The reorganization of social order establishes the authority of the central government by means of intermarriage, and gradually reforms the electoral system in accordance with the principle of meritocracy.
Careful election of officials.
Chapter Four is the declining centralization of power of Emperor Xuanwu and the following period: the lack of dynasty, is to appoint non-human, impossible
Naturally, it is impossible to have a clear-cut politics and a centralized government capable of doing something when the right decisions are made.
After the implementation of the suspension period, the management system of imperial officials was disordered, which weakened the influence of the central government and accelerated the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The formerly powerful military strength on which the nation was founded was already weak in combat and wilded.
The use of the mind is no longer an effective armed force under the direct control of the court.
Fall into decay.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：K239.21
本文编号：2230117
[Abstract]:The Northern Wei Dynasty was the first minority Dynasty to rule the Central Plains steadily for more than 100 years.
What about names, languages and costumes? No ruling nation in the history of the world has voluntarily given up the names of its own people
Family name and language, the precedent of accepting the surname and language of the ruling nation. Why did the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty suddenly implement it when it reached its peak
What is the background of implementing reform?
The purpose of the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to realize sinicization. If so, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen is to promote sinicization.
What was the purpose? Was the Northern Wei Dynasty only carrying out reforms for the Chinese culture? Generally speaking, the reforms carried out by the central government were all for the purpose of enriching the country.
In order to make the country rich and the army strong, all the governing power should be concentrated in the central government. The success and failure of the reform and the centralization of power have
The ability of the central government to promote reform is also closely related to centralization of power.
The center does not mean a person. The center is not just the emperor. The emperor is the apex of the center, not the center.
The central government refers to the imperial family centered around the emperor and the clan and official groups supporting the existence of the imperial family.
Centralization refers to the political affiliation between the central political power and the local forces. This should be included, of course.
In order to enlarge the influence of the central government, it is in the political, economic, social, cultural and many other aspects of life.
Centralization measures also belong to the centralization of power.
When the central government controls the localities, it thinks that centralization of power has been achieved, whereas when the central government cannot control the localities, it thinks that decentralization of power has been achieved.
This understanding is one-sided. True centralization or complete decentralization in Chinese history is limited to a very short period.
In fact, most of the time is occupied by the process of its evolution. Therefore, the study of the process of centralization is necessary.
It is necessary and valuable to grasp the change and nature of a dynasty and study the change and development process of central power.
So this article expounds the process of centralization.
This paper attempts to understand the regime of the Northern Wei Dynasty from the perspective of centralization of power.
The research is divided into four stages.
The first chapter is the preliminary establishment of centralized Taoist Emperor Wudi to the Taiwudi period by means of force: the early Northern Wei Dynasty regime passed the armed forces
An organized military system that enlarges the sphere of domination and power, and enlarges the rule by increasing the wealth of the nation with prey.
The material foundation and the color of the military dictatorship are still strong. Gradually, a dual system will be implemented to build political power. Tribes will be dissolved and the soil will be divided.
To rule North China, the Han scholars are needed.
The experience of governing attracted the Han people to govern and made use of them to strengthen their rule over North China. In the process, the Han people had to enter the country.
We should fight against the Han people.
The second chapter is the period of Emperor Wencheng and Emperor Xianwen by improving the employment system and stabilizing the centralization of power: maintaining the military aspect
Stability, the implementation of measures to control the old bureaucracy, the expansion of the central rule of local power, so as to elect people, the renewal of bureaucracy,
We should strengthen supervision and strive to achieve the goal of expanding the ruling power of the court.
The third chapter is the period of Emperor Xiaowen who reached the peak of centralization through a large-scale reform: vigorously carrying out reform measures, sticking to luxury
The implementation of the system is conducive to the protection of impartial and law-abiding officials and the punishment of bureaucrats who violate the law. It is conducive to the central government to master the officials.
The three-long system of land allocation measures, grasp the grassroots people, put it into the country's households and the people.
The centre of the Central Plains is for the enlargement of dominance. It is necessary for the central authorities to re-select the new standard language with Luoyang as the centre.
However, in order to adapt to the climate of the Central Plains, the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out mandatory dress reform. At the same time, the state forcibly implemented the Hu Han scholars.
The reorganization of social order establishes the authority of the central government by means of intermarriage, and gradually reforms the electoral system in accordance with the principle of meritocracy.
Careful election of officials.
Chapter Four is the declining centralization of power of Emperor Xuanwu and the following period: the lack of dynasty, is to appoint non-human, impossible
Naturally, it is impossible to have a clear-cut politics and a centralized government capable of doing something when the right decisions are made.
After the implementation of the suspension period, the management system of imperial officials was disordered, which weakened the influence of the central government and accelerated the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The formerly powerful military strength on which the nation was founded was already weak in combat and wilded.
The use of the mind is no longer an effective armed force under the direct control of the court.
Fall into decay.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：K239.21
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前4条
1 魏志静;北魏刑事法律初探[D];中国政法大学;2004年
2 袁方;略论北魏的宗王政策[D];郑州大学;2006年
3 崔智勇;《北魏律》伦理思想研究[D];重庆师范大学;2008年
4 王晔;北魏国家物质赏赐考略[D];吉林大学;2012年
本文编号：2230117
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