清代洞庭湖区水患和洞庭湖治理研究

发布时间：2018-09-09 16:12

【摘要】： 洞庭湖区水患问题是当今社会的严重问题，要减轻湖区水患，就要认识该水患发生、发展规律。荆江北岸堵口后，多数县5—17年便有一遇，四口南流局面形成后，，大部分县2—4年便有一遇，到了现代，平均每两年一次。清代洞庭湖区水患频繁，对社会造成了巨大的损失，人畜伤亡，房屋倒塌，人们流离失所，衣食无靠；田土被淹，粮食无收，乞食者众。人心浮动，社会动荡，到处呈现一派衰败荒凉的景象。笔者认为，主要的影响是人民生命财产受到破坏，经济衰退。我们研究水患对社会的影响，就是要使人们树立防灾、抗灾意识，避免主观因素，从而减少水患对社会的影响，达到减灾保民、发展生产、提高经济效益的目的。洞庭湖区水患的成因是复杂的，但总的来讲有自然因素和人为因素两大类。自然因素如自然地理条件、气候条件等是无法克服的，但人为因素是可以克服的，可以通过规范人类的行为，减少人为因素所造成的损害。笔者认为，洞庭湖区水患大部分是由自然因素造成的，但人为因素促成了水患的发生，如植被破坏、泥沙淤积，围湖造田等，是不可忽略的因素。这就是为什么历代治水但水患又不可避免的发生，因治水只能减少人为因素，而自然因素却无法克服。清代对于治理洞庭湖的问题，围绕着废田还湖还是塞口还江，舍南救北还是南北兼顾；以蓄为主还是以泄为主，蓄泄兼筹等，意见莫衷一是，其核心是蓄和泄的问题。笔者认为，废田还湖不可能，因为清代利用湖洲荒地资源及时围垦，是与洲土淤涨和人口增殖的自然趋势相适应的。人要吃饭，围湖造田是历史的必然．即使废田还湖，但泥沙淤积严重，洞庭湖蓄水量减少，水患亦然。正确的做法应该是杜绝新的围湖造田、与水争地现象，采用挖泥船清淤，扩大蓄水面积。塞口还江值得商榷，因自清咸、同时已形成四口分流局面，如塞口还江，势必增加长江的流量。水要有出路，应以疏导为主。“南北兼顾”为好，因为汛期洪水向北可淹及武汉三镇，向南可淹及洞庭湖沿岸城镇。“蓄泄兼顾”为好，汛期就以泄为主，将洪水疏导入长江，减少湖内水量，枯水期就以蓄为主，引水灌田、养鱼等，提高湖水的利用率。对于当代综合治理洞庭湖的对策，笔者认为，“南北兼顾江湖两利、蓄泄兼筹、以泄为主”的工作方针是沿袭清代治湖措施，因清代提出“南北兼顾、蓄泄兼顾”。但又高于清代，因为提出了“江湖两利”，使治湖和治江结合起来。基本方针即“综合治理、治本为主，标本兼治”和指导思想即“把治山治水治湖治江治库结合起来”是一回事，其实质就是综合治理，符合“两点论”。四口建闸，在清康熙时已提出“兴水利、建闸座。”继承传统，面对现实，这是切实可行的方案。而平垸行洪、放淤抬田、裁弯取直是继清顺治帝“疏通水道、修筑堤防”的沿革。治湖的具体措施是封山育林、植树栽草、退耕还林，从而减少泥沙淤积。在四水建库、扩大防洪库容，三口建闸、螺山扩卡，最终达到治湖与治山、治湖与治河、治湖与治江结合起来。这对治理洞庭湖区水患，减轻水患对社会发展和人民生命财产的危害都是十分有效的。但必须指出的是，清代治理洞庭湖有其局限性，就湖治湖，而当代却从环境改造、植树造林、退耕还林等进行综合治理，这是历史的进步。笔者对清代洞庭湖区水患及洞庭湖治理进行深入、多角度的研究，不仅可以推动对清代灾荒史的研究，也能加深我们对清代减灾措施的认识，寻找传统与现代的结合点，从而为当代治理洞庭湖提供不无裨益的借鉴。
[Abstract]:The problem of flood in Dongting Lake area is a serious social problem nowadays. To alleviate the flood in the lake area, we must know the occurrence and development law of the flood. It has caused tremendous losses to society, people and livestock casualties, houses collapsed, people were displaced, food and clothing are not reliable; the land was flooded, no food harvest, beggars and foodstuffs. The impact of the meeting is to make people establish a sense of disaster prevention and resistance, to avoid subjective factors, so as to reduce the impact of floods on society, to reduce disasters and protect the people, develop production and improve economic efficiency.
The causes of flood in Dongting Lake area are complicated, but there are two kinds of natural factors and human factors in general. Natural factors such as natural geographical conditions and climate conditions can not be overcome, but human factors can be overcome. The damage caused by human factors can be reduced by regulating human behavior. Most of them are caused by natural factors, but man-made factors, such as vegetation destruction, sediment deposition, reclamation of lakes and so on, can not be ignored. This is why water control in the past dynasties but the inevitable occurrence of floods, because water control can only reduce human factors, and natural factors can not be overcome.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were different opinions on whether to return waste land to the lake or to return the lake to the mouth of the river, whether to save the north or the north or to give consideration to both the north and the south, whether to save the lake or to drain the lake or to store and drain the lake and so on. Even if the waste land is returned to the lake, the sediment deposition is serious, and the water storage of Dongting Lake is reduced, so is the flood. The correct way should be to put an end to the new reclamation of the lake, to compete with water for land, to adopt dredgers to clear the silt, and to expand the water storage area. It is worth discussing that the river has formed a diversion situation of four estuaries since the Qinghai-Xianjiang River was built. For example, the return of the river from the Saikou will increase the flow of the Yangtze River. Drainage flood into the Yangtze River to reduce the amount of water in the lake, mainly in dry season, irrigation, fish culture and so on, improve the utilization rate of the lake water.
For the contemporary comprehensive harnessing of Dongting Lake, the author thinks that the working principle of "giving consideration to both the benefits of the lake and the river from the north and the south, reserving and discharging, and giving priority to discharging" is to follow the Qing Dynasty's measures of harnessing the lake. It is one thing to combine hill and lake management with river and reservoir management. Its essence is comprehensive management, which conforms to the "two points theory". When the four gates were built, it was put forward to carry on the tradition and face the reality. The concrete measures for controlling the lake are fencing hills and cultivating forests, planting trees and grass, returning farmland to forests so as to reduce sediment deposition. It is very effective to control the flood in Dongting Lake area and alleviate the harm of flood to social development and people's life and property.But it must be pointed out that the Qing Dynasty had its limitations.
The author of the Qing Dynasty Dongting Lake area flood and Dongting Lake governance in-depth, multi-angle study, not only can promote the Qing Dynasty famine history research, but also deepen our understanding of Qing Dynasty disaster mitigation measures, looking for the combination of traditional and modern, so as to provide a useful reference for the contemporary management of Dongting Lake.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：K249

【引证文献】