金元时期的转运司
发布时间：2018-09-11 07:56
【摘要】： 转运司是我国古代主要负责国家财赋征收及运转的政治机构,其雏形为唐代建立的差谴使职——转运使。转运司始建于五代,其权力在宋朝时达到顶峰,不仅负责地方财赋管理,而且成为地方一级行政机构,兼具监察百官的职责。女真族入主中原建立金朝后,在政治、经济管理上更多地袭用了辽、宋制度,转运司的建制也不例外,但在权力范围上比之宋朝,已大为缩减。蒙古国灭金后,在中原的经济统治,经历了由课税所向转运司转变的过程。但在元朝初期,转运司制度则发生了巨大的转变,由最初的全国性的财政机构转变为只负责盐、茶税收的经济机构,且直到明、清时期,亦未再恢复到原来的建制。有学者指出,“社会中的政治体制是为了人的政治生活的需要而形成,政治体制的运行以及变迁是通过有关的政治群体、政治组织机构以及政治角色的政治活动及其变迁所体现出来的。”本文主旨即要通过转运司这一政治组织机构的变迁,来考察金元时期政治体制的运行轨迹,及统治者在社会变革中对政治制度的选择过程,并力图籍这一变革来探讨民族关系、经济发展等对政治制度的影响,以及政治制度之间相互作用的关系。 文章主体分为三部分。第一部分为建制篇,主要分析金元转运司制度的确立过程。通过金元转运司制度确立过程的比较可以看出,转运司的数量增多,规模变小,稳定性变差。第二部分为职能篇,分析了金元转运司的职能,在从金到元的发展过程中,转运司的行政职能消失,经济权力缩小。第三部分为人物篇,通过对金元转运司官员任职情况的分析,可以看出元朝转运司官员与金朝的区别主要在于,转运使数量增加,权力行使受到牵制;运司官员出身出现民族偏见,导致其整体素质下降。 从转运司制度最后变迁的结果看,元世祖朝以后,转运司机构并没有完全被撤罢,仍然保留有税额较大的盐、茶转运司机构,其管理体制较前亦无多大变动。这是制度发展过程中必然会出现的一种“路径依赖”现象,从经济学的角度看,这种优胜劣汰后的制度显然更能符合当时社会发展的需要。转运司制度在元初发生这一重大变化的原因,主要有技术进步,新制度建立(行省),市场规模变化,大规模战争的停止等因素。
[Abstract]:The transshipment department is the political organization mainly in charge of the collection and operation of the national financial duties in ancient China, and its embryonic form is the post of misdemeanor-transshipment envoy established in the Tang Dynasty. The transshipment department was founded in the five dynasties, and its power reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. It was not only responsible for the management of local property, but also became a local administrative organ with the responsibility of supervising the hundred officials. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains, the Nu Zhen nationality used the Liao and Song systems more in politics and economic management, and the system of transportation department was no exception, but its power was much reduced compared with that of the Song Dynasty. After Mongolia extinguished gold, the economic rule in the Central Plains underwent a transition from taxable to transshipment. However, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the transshipment system changed greatly, from the national financial institution to the economic institution responsible for salt and tea tax, and it was not restored to the original system until the Ming and Qing dynasties. Some scholars have pointed out that "the political system in society is formed for the needs of people's political life, and the operation and changes of the political system are made through the relevant political groups." The political activities of political organizations and political roles and their changes. " The purpose of this paper is to investigate the movement of political system in Jin and Yuan dynasties, and the choice process of political system in the process of social change through the change of political organization and organization, and to explore the ethnic relations by means of this transformation. The influence of economic development on political system and the relationship between political system and political system. The main body of the article is divided into three parts. The first part is the establishment of the system, mainly analyzes the establishment of the gold-yuan transshipment system process. Through the comparison of the establishment process of the system, it can be seen that the number of the Division increases, the scale becomes smaller and the stability becomes worse. The second part is the functional part, which analyzes the function of Jinyuan transshipment department. In the process of development from Jin to Yuan, the administrative function of transshipment department disappears and the economic power shrinks. The third part is the personage chapter, through the analysis of the position of the officials of the transfer Department of Jin and Yuan Dynasty, we can see that the difference between the officials of the transfer Department of the Yuan Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty lies in the increase of the quantity of transshipment and the restriction of the exercise of power. The official origin of the Department of Transportation appeared national prejudice, resulting in its overall quality decline. From the result of the final change of the transshipment department system, after the Yuan Shizu dynasty, the transshipment department organization was not completely removed, and still retained the salt with higher tax value, and the management system of the tea transshipment department was not much changed compared with the previous one. This is an inevitable "path dependence" phenomenon in the process of institutional development. From the point of view of economics, the system after the survival of the fittest obviously meets the needs of social development at that time. The main reasons for this great change in the early Yuan Dynasty are technological progress, establishment of new system, change of market scale, cessation of large-scale war, and so on.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K247;K246
本文编号：2236081
[Abstract]:The transshipment department is the political organization mainly in charge of the collection and operation of the national financial duties in ancient China, and its embryonic form is the post of misdemeanor-transshipment envoy established in the Tang Dynasty. The transshipment department was founded in the five dynasties, and its power reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. It was not only responsible for the management of local property, but also became a local administrative organ with the responsibility of supervising the hundred officials. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains, the Nu Zhen nationality used the Liao and Song systems more in politics and economic management, and the system of transportation department was no exception, but its power was much reduced compared with that of the Song Dynasty. After Mongolia extinguished gold, the economic rule in the Central Plains underwent a transition from taxable to transshipment. However, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the transshipment system changed greatly, from the national financial institution to the economic institution responsible for salt and tea tax, and it was not restored to the original system until the Ming and Qing dynasties. Some scholars have pointed out that "the political system in society is formed for the needs of people's political life, and the operation and changes of the political system are made through the relevant political groups." The political activities of political organizations and political roles and their changes. " The purpose of this paper is to investigate the movement of political system in Jin and Yuan dynasties, and the choice process of political system in the process of social change through the change of political organization and organization, and to explore the ethnic relations by means of this transformation. The influence of economic development on political system and the relationship between political system and political system. The main body of the article is divided into three parts. The first part is the establishment of the system, mainly analyzes the establishment of the gold-yuan transshipment system process. Through the comparison of the establishment process of the system, it can be seen that the number of the Division increases, the scale becomes smaller and the stability becomes worse. The second part is the functional part, which analyzes the function of Jinyuan transshipment department. In the process of development from Jin to Yuan, the administrative function of transshipment department disappears and the economic power shrinks. The third part is the personage chapter, through the analysis of the position of the officials of the transfer Department of Jin and Yuan Dynasty, we can see that the difference between the officials of the transfer Department of the Yuan Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty lies in the increase of the quantity of transshipment and the restriction of the exercise of power. The official origin of the Department of Transportation appeared national prejudice, resulting in its overall quality decline. From the result of the final change of the transshipment department system, after the Yuan Shizu dynasty, the transshipment department organization was not completely removed, and still retained the salt with higher tax value, and the management system of the tea transshipment department was not much changed compared with the previous one. This is an inevitable "path dependence" phenomenon in the process of institutional development. From the point of view of economics, the system after the survival of the fittest obviously meets the needs of social development at that time. The main reasons for this great change in the early Yuan Dynasty are technological progress, establishment of new system, change of market scale, cessation of large-scale war, and so on.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K247;K246
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前3条
1 丛海平;元代军事后勤制度研究[D];南开大学;2010年
2 金宝丽;蒙古灭金史事研究[D];中央民族大学;2011年
3 解丹;金长城军事防御体系及其空间规划布局研究[D];天津大学;2012年
，本文编号：2236081
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/zggdslw/2236081.html
