东汉自耕农阶层研究
发布时间：2018-09-17 07:49
【摘要】： 在中国传统社会中,农民发挥了重要的作用。农民本身是个相当复杂的概念,包含着很多阶层。自耕农阶层是农民的重要组成部分,它是一个王朝的主要劳动者,是一个王朝物质财富的主要创造者,是国家军队的主要兵员提供者。自耕农阶层自身的稳定、发展不仅直接影响这一阶层的生存、发展,而且对整个国家能否良好运转都产生了重要的影响。 土地问题是自耕农阶层稳定存在的前提条件之一,但是仅仅有土地是不够的,良好的政治环境和稳定的心态也是自耕农正常存在的必要条件。历史上土地分配是不均匀的,自耕农阶层在占有土地资源方面是天生的弱势群体,它在诸多享有种种特权的既得利益者面前处于弱势地位。各级官府的统治政策对自耕农阶层的生活有直接的影响,政治势力在自耕农阶层生活中发挥了重要作用。政府与自耕农的关系相当复杂,一方面,政府积极保护自耕农阶层,为其营造良好的生活环境;另一方面,政府作为统治集团的代言人,有时候又不自觉地扮演了自耕农阶层迫害者的角色。 本文在前人研究的基础上,围绕东汉自耕农阶层与东汉王朝的关系进行论述,主要力图解决两个方面的问题:一是通过整合相关史实,充分论证自耕农阶层对东汉王朝的重要作用,分析自耕农阶层与东汉王朝的密切关系;二是在充分分析东汉时代能够为自耕农阶层提供的生存发展空间的基础上,揭示东汉自耕农阶层独特的命运,解读东汉王朝政治势力、豪强宗族对自耕农阶层的重大影响。 本文主要分为四个部分: 第一部分是绪论:主要介绍了当前自耕农阶层研究的现状,对东汉自耕农阶层研究作了总体的概括。在做好学术史回顾的基础上,逐步论述东汉自耕农阶层的特点、发展、演化。 第二部分写东汉自耕农阶层的生活环境和主要负担,首先介绍了东汉时代自耕农阶层面临的生活环境、所处的社会地位、享有的发展空间;接着重点介绍了自耕农阶层的主要负担:田租、算赋、口赋、徭役、兵役、更赋。通过对自耕农主要负担的分析,看出自耕农阶层对一个国家而言非常重要,直接影响着一个国家财政收入和国家军事实力的强弱。 第三部分写东汉自耕农阶层与东汉社会,首先分析了东汉自耕农阶层的生活状况,接着分析了东汉王朝的统治政策,分土地资源调配、整肃吏治、社会保障制度三个方面,来论证东汉王朝为维持自耕农阶层的稳定而进行的种种努力,以及这些措施的社会效果;中国社会是一个宗族社会,宗族作为国家与农民之间的重要社会力量,对东汉自耕农阶层的生活产生了重要影响,在一定程度上起到了“小政府”的作用。 第四部分是结论,以自耕农阶层与国家关系为视角来看待历史,包含两个层面:一个是自耕农阶层在整个封建社会的共性命运,一个是通过分析东汉王朝较为特殊的政治生态和各阶层纷繁复杂的利益博弈,揭示东汉自耕农阶层的特殊境遇。
[Abstract]:Peasants play an important role in the traditional Chinese society. Peasants themselves are a rather complicated concept and contain many strata. The peasant stratum is an important part of the peasants. It is the main worker of a dynasty, the main creator of material wealth of a dynasty, and the main soldier supplier of the national army. The stability and development of the stratum itself not only directly affect the survival and development of this stratum, but also have an important impact on the good functioning of the whole country.
The land problem is one of the prerequisites for the stable existence of the self-employed peasants, but only land is not enough. A good political environment and a stable mentality are also necessary conditions for the normal existence of the self-employed peasants. Government policies at all levels have a direct impact on the life of the self-employed peasants, and political forces have played an important role in the life of the self-employed peasants. On the other hand, the government, as the spokesman of the ruling group, sometimes unconsciously acts as the persecutor of the peasant class.
On the basis of previous studies, this paper discusses the relationship between the self-employed peasants and the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly trying to solve two problems: first, by integrating relevant historical facts, fully demonstrating the important role of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty, analyzing the close relationship between the self-employed peasants and the Eastern Han Dynasty; second, fully dividing them into different parts. On the basis of analyzing the living and developing space provided by the peasant class in the Eastern Han Dynasty, this paper reveals the unique fate of the peasant class in the Eastern Han Dynasty, interprets the political forces of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the great influence of the powerful clans on the peasant class.
This article is mainly divided into four parts.
The first part is the introduction: It mainly introduces the current situation of the study of the self-employed peasants and summarizes the study of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The second part describes the living environment and major burdens of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty. First, it introduces the living environment faced by the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty, their social status and the development space they enjoy. Then it focuses on the main burdens of the self-employed peasants: land rent, calculating taxes, oral taxes, corvee, military service, and tax. The analysis shows that the peasant class is very important to a country, which directly affects the financial revenue and military strength of a country.
The third part is about the self-employed peasants and the society of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Firstly, it analyzes the living conditions of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then it analyzes the governing policies of the Eastern Han Dynasty, including the allocation of land resources, the elimination of bureaucrats and the social security system, to demonstrate the various efforts made by the Eastern Han Dynasty to maintain the stability of the self-employed peasants. The social effect of these measures; Chinese society is a clan society, clan as an important social force between the state and peasants, has an important impact on the life of the peasant class in the Eastern Han Dynasty, to a certain extent, played a "small government" role.
The fourth part is the conclusion, viewing history from the perspective of the relationship between the self-employed peasants and the state, including two aspects: one is the common fate of the self-employed peasants in the whole feudal society; the other is to reveal the special situation of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty by analyzing the special political ecology of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the complicated interests game among different strata. Encounter.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K234.2
本文编号：2245214
[Abstract]:Peasants play an important role in the traditional Chinese society. Peasants themselves are a rather complicated concept and contain many strata. The peasant stratum is an important part of the peasants. It is the main worker of a dynasty, the main creator of material wealth of a dynasty, and the main soldier supplier of the national army. The stability and development of the stratum itself not only directly affect the survival and development of this stratum, but also have an important impact on the good functioning of the whole country.
The land problem is one of the prerequisites for the stable existence of the self-employed peasants, but only land is not enough. A good political environment and a stable mentality are also necessary conditions for the normal existence of the self-employed peasants. Government policies at all levels have a direct impact on the life of the self-employed peasants, and political forces have played an important role in the life of the self-employed peasants. On the other hand, the government, as the spokesman of the ruling group, sometimes unconsciously acts as the persecutor of the peasant class.
On the basis of previous studies, this paper discusses the relationship between the self-employed peasants and the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly trying to solve two problems: first, by integrating relevant historical facts, fully demonstrating the important role of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty, analyzing the close relationship between the self-employed peasants and the Eastern Han Dynasty; second, fully dividing them into different parts. On the basis of analyzing the living and developing space provided by the peasant class in the Eastern Han Dynasty, this paper reveals the unique fate of the peasant class in the Eastern Han Dynasty, interprets the political forces of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the great influence of the powerful clans on the peasant class.
This article is mainly divided into four parts.
The first part is the introduction: It mainly introduces the current situation of the study of the self-employed peasants and summarizes the study of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The second part describes the living environment and major burdens of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty. First, it introduces the living environment faced by the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty, their social status and the development space they enjoy. Then it focuses on the main burdens of the self-employed peasants: land rent, calculating taxes, oral taxes, corvee, military service, and tax. The analysis shows that the peasant class is very important to a country, which directly affects the financial revenue and military strength of a country.
The third part is about the self-employed peasants and the society of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Firstly, it analyzes the living conditions of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then it analyzes the governing policies of the Eastern Han Dynasty, including the allocation of land resources, the elimination of bureaucrats and the social security system, to demonstrate the various efforts made by the Eastern Han Dynasty to maintain the stability of the self-employed peasants. The social effect of these measures; Chinese society is a clan society, clan as an important social force between the state and peasants, has an important impact on the life of the peasant class in the Eastern Han Dynasty, to a certain extent, played a "small government" role.
The fourth part is the conclusion, viewing history from the perspective of the relationship between the self-employed peasants and the state, including two aspects: one is the common fate of the self-employed peasants in the whole feudal society; the other is to reveal the special situation of the self-employed peasants in the Eastern Han Dynasty by analyzing the special political ecology of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the complicated interests game among different strata. Encounter.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K234.2
【引证文献】
中国硕士学位论文全文数据库 前1条
1 苏磊;东汉农民战争研究[D];山东师范大学;2011年
，本文编号：2245214
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