周代商人研究

发布时间：2018-10-12 20:26

【摘要】： 周代的商人在最初以官商为主,而此时的官商却不同于一般意义上或后世所说的官商,他们有着自己的特殊性。至春秋时期,王室衰微,威权下移,从而使食官之商与宗法秩序和王朝政治渐次脱钩,官商开始利用官府提供的商业资本,为官府牟取利润,最终脱离官府,成为自由商人。私商的兴起和发展也有一个过程,西周时期私商处于初步发展的阶段,他们有自己的组织管理模式,聚族而居,职业世袭。春秋时期,商人作为一个独立的阶层兴起。战国时期,客观上私商分布的广泛性与主观上抑商的思想观念形成鲜明对比。周代商人的身份和地位更是经历了一番变化。西周时期的官商自然具有“官”的身份,而普通商人则以平民身份活动。终春秋、战国之世,其身份无甚大变化,而其地位颇值得深思。西周时期看不到有贱商的言论,商人的行为至少还没有遭到社会的非议。春秋时期商人受到重视,不仅社会舆论支持其发展,而且统治者也提供诸多便利条件。战国时期则出现了抑商的言论和行为,这与商人自身发展对社会的影响不无关系。商人对当时社会发展影响最大的莫过于经济方面。他们的活动促进了全国各地的物资交流,推动了商品经济的发展,促使了经济结构的转变,并为统治者提供了可观的税收。在政治方面,商人在客观上是大一统的支持者,并且加速了贵族等级制度的松动。在经商活动中,商人不断总结经验,形成了丰富的经商理论,社会也在他们营利精神的导向下形成了一种自由竞争的机制。
[Abstract]:The merchants of Zhou Dynasty were mainly officials and merchants at the beginning, but at this time they were different from the general meaning or the later times, they had their own particularity. In the Spring and Autumn period, the royal family declined and the authoritarianism moved down, thus gradually decoupling the merchants of the eating officials from the patriarchal order and the politics of the dynasty. The official merchants began to use the commercial capital provided by the government to make profits for the government, and finally left the official government and became a free merchant. The rise and development of private merchants also have a process. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, they are in the initial stage of development, they have their own organization and management mode, live together and live in the occupation hereditary. During the Spring and Autumn period, businessmen rose as an independent class. During the warring States period, the wide distribution of private business objectively contrasted with the subjective idea of restraining business. The status and status of the merchants in the Zhou Dynasty have undergone some changes. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, officials and merchants naturally had the status of "officials", while ordinary businessmen acted as civilians. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, the warring States period, its identity has not changed greatly, and its status is worth pondering. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were no cheap merchants, the behavior of businessmen at least has not been criticized by the society. In the Spring and Autumn period, the merchants received much attention, not only the public opinion supported their development, but also the rulers provided many convenient conditions. During the warring States period, the speech and behavior of business suppression appeared, which had something to do with the influence of the merchants' own development on the society. The greatest influence on the development of society by businessmen at that time was in the economic aspect. Their activities promoted the exchange of goods and materials throughout the country, promoted the development of the commodity economy, promoted the transformation of the economic structure, and provided considerable taxes for the rulers. In politics, businessmen were objectively unifying supporters and accelerated the loosening of the aristocratic hierarchy. In the course of doing business, businessmen sum up their experiences and form a rich theory of doing business. The society also forms a mechanism of free competition under the guidance of their spirit of making profits.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K224

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