清代吏胥制度研究
发布时间：2018-11-05 12:38
【摘要】：在中国前近代的官僚制度研究中,学术界对官僚制整体、科举制度以及职官制度等论题的辨析较详,对吏胥制度的考察则较为薄弱,而吏胥在专制社会的国家机器的运作中,作用不可小视。在一个王朝的官僚政治系统中,虽然官员占据着要津,而吏胥居于底层,但吏胥在人数上远远多于官员,而且是统治机制运转的实际操作者,以致在某种程度上把持着事权。同时,他们处于官民之间的结合部位,是各级官署行政信息的搜集、整理者,是官民之间信息沟通的主要渠道。可以认为,中国传统社会如果离开了吏胥,则官僚机器将难以运转。因此,探究吏胥阶层的生存状况、吏胥职能及其内部结构、吏胥制度的实际运作情形、吏胥在社会结构中的位置及其对朝政的影响等问题,有助于全面理解中国官僚政治的结构、运行机制和行政效能,体悟宗法专制社会的政治生态环境,明辨官僚政治的利弊得失。 本文之所以以“清代”为限,一是因为清朝是吏胥之制得到充分发展并抵达高潮的时段,也是其终结期,以清代的吏胥为研究对象,更具典型性。二是有关吏胥制度的研究,宋元时期文章相对较多,而对明清尤其是清代吏胥的研究较为薄弱,研究论文少,研究著作尚付阙如。三是考虑到传统史学研究的某些不足。传统政治史的研究是以叙述重大政治事件、上层人物为特征,今之研究则应兼顾下层以及不同职业群体。对于吏胥这一边缘人群的关注正与这种新的史学观念相契合。 本文以中国传统史学的研究方法为基础,同时借鉴政治学、行政学、社会学和文化学等学科的理论和方法,对清代吏胥制度进行系统研究。其主要研究内容有以下数端: 第一,考察官僚政治与吏胥制度的关系以及吏胥在官僚机制中的位置。官僚制这一具有理性基础的组织形式的存在是吏胥产生的基础和条件,没有科层化的官僚政治体制,就没有吏胥的兴盛,吏胥群体是科层制组织的一部分。在传统官僚政治系统中有决策人、执行人,如果说决策是行政的心脏,执行则是行政的手足,吏胥正是朝廷各项事务的最终执行者。吏胥和官员一样,是官僚政治中不可分离的两个行政载体,是官僚制度的两大组成部分。 第二,对吏胥制度在传统社会后期兴盛的缘由、清代吏胥制度的特点以及吏胥制度的历史缺陷进行分析。关于吏胥制度在传统社会后期兴盛的缘由,其一,自唐
[Abstract]:In the study of the bureaucracy system in the pre-modern times of China, the academic circles differentiate and analyze the whole bureaucracy system, the imperial examination system and the official system in detail, but the investigation of the official system is relatively weak, while the latter is in the operation of the state machinery in the autocratic society. The effect should not be underestimated. In the bureaucratic system of a dynasty, although the officials occupy the important part, and the officials are at the bottom, they are far more numerous than the officials, and they are the actual operators of the operation of the ruling mechanism, so that they hold the power to some extent. At the same time, they are in the joint position between the officials and the people, they are the collection and collation of administrative information at all levels, and the main channel of information communication between the officials and the people. It can be considered that if the traditional Chinese society left Shixu, the bureaucratic machine would be difficult to run. Therefore, this paper probes into the living conditions of the officials and the petty strata, the functions of the officials and the mercy and their internal structure, the actual operation of the system, the position of the officials and the mercy in the social structure and their influence on the government, and so on. It is helpful to understand the structure, operating mechanism and administrative efficiency of Chinese bureaucratic politics, understand the political ecological environment of patriarchal autocracy society, and distinguish the pros and cons of bureaucratic politics. The reason why this article is limited to "Qing Dynasty" is that the Qing Dynasty is the period of the full development of the system of the officials and Xu and the period of its climax, and it is more typical to take the officials and Xu of the Qing Dynasty as the object of study. Secondly, there were more articles in Song and Yuan dynasties, but the research on the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in Qing Dynasty, was weak, the research papers were few, and the research works were still absent. The third is to consider some shortcomings of traditional historiography research. The study of traditional political history is characterized by the narration of major political events and the upper-class figures, while the present research should take into account the lower class and different professional groups. The attention of the marginal crowd is in line with this new concept of history. Based on the research methods of Chinese traditional historiography and the theories and methods of politics, administration, sociology and culturology, this paper makes a systematic study on the system of officials and Xu in the Qing Dynasty. The main research contents are as follows: first, it examines the relationship between bureaucracy and the system of officials and mercy and the position of officials and Xu in the system of bureaucracy. The existence of bureaucracy, a form of organization with rational foundation, is the basis and condition of the emergence of officials and Xu. Without the bureaucratic political system, there will be no prosperity of officials and Xu, and the group of officials and mercy is a part of the organization of hierarchy. There are decision-makers and executors in the traditional bureaucratic political system. If decision-making is the heart of the administration, execution is the hand of the administration. Lixu, like officials, is an inseparable administrative carrier and two major components of bureaucracy. Secondly, the reason of the prosperity of the system in the later stage of traditional society, the characteristics of the system in Qing Dynasty and the historical defects of the system were analyzed. On the reason of the prosperity of the system of officials and Xu in the later period of traditional society, first, since the Tang Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2312111
[Abstract]:In the study of the bureaucracy system in the pre-modern times of China, the academic circles differentiate and analyze the whole bureaucracy system, the imperial examination system and the official system in detail, but the investigation of the official system is relatively weak, while the latter is in the operation of the state machinery in the autocratic society. The effect should not be underestimated. In the bureaucratic system of a dynasty, although the officials occupy the important part, and the officials are at the bottom, they are far more numerous than the officials, and they are the actual operators of the operation of the ruling mechanism, so that they hold the power to some extent. At the same time, they are in the joint position between the officials and the people, they are the collection and collation of administrative information at all levels, and the main channel of information communication between the officials and the people. It can be considered that if the traditional Chinese society left Shixu, the bureaucratic machine would be difficult to run. Therefore, this paper probes into the living conditions of the officials and the petty strata, the functions of the officials and the mercy and their internal structure, the actual operation of the system, the position of the officials and the mercy in the social structure and their influence on the government, and so on. It is helpful to understand the structure, operating mechanism and administrative efficiency of Chinese bureaucratic politics, understand the political ecological environment of patriarchal autocracy society, and distinguish the pros and cons of bureaucratic politics. The reason why this article is limited to "Qing Dynasty" is that the Qing Dynasty is the period of the full development of the system of the officials and Xu and the period of its climax, and it is more typical to take the officials and Xu of the Qing Dynasty as the object of study. Secondly, there were more articles in Song and Yuan dynasties, but the research on the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in Qing Dynasty, was weak, the research papers were few, and the research works were still absent. The third is to consider some shortcomings of traditional historiography research. The study of traditional political history is characterized by the narration of major political events and the upper-class figures, while the present research should take into account the lower class and different professional groups. The attention of the marginal crowd is in line with this new concept of history. Based on the research methods of Chinese traditional historiography and the theories and methods of politics, administration, sociology and culturology, this paper makes a systematic study on the system of officials and Xu in the Qing Dynasty. The main research contents are as follows: first, it examines the relationship between bureaucracy and the system of officials and mercy and the position of officials and Xu in the system of bureaucracy. The existence of bureaucracy, a form of organization with rational foundation, is the basis and condition of the emergence of officials and Xu. Without the bureaucratic political system, there will be no prosperity of officials and Xu, and the group of officials and mercy is a part of the organization of hierarchy. There are decision-makers and executors in the traditional bureaucratic political system. If decision-making is the heart of the administration, execution is the hand of the administration. Lixu, like officials, is an inseparable administrative carrier and two major components of bureaucracy. Secondly, the reason of the prosperity of the system in the later stage of traditional society, the characteristics of the system in Qing Dynasty and the historical defects of the system were analyzed. On the reason of the prosperity of the system of officials and Xu in the later period of traditional society, first, since the Tang Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K249
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前2条
1 江田祥;;爪牙与叛逆:胥吏与清中期白莲教起义——以乾嘉之际白莲教“当阳教团”为中心[J];历史教学问题;2007年03期
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相关博士学位论文 前2条
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2 王俊梅;秦汉郡县属吏研究[D];中国人民大学;2008年
相关硕士学位论文 前2条
1 闫文博;清“虚出通关朱钞”律例研究[D];南开大学;2008年
2 陈筝;胥吏之制的历史透视及评析[D];烟台大学;2009年
，本文编号：2312111
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