外国白银内流中国问题探讨（16-19世纪中叶）
发布时间：2018-11-06 09:44
【摘要】： 以明清时期间外国白银内流中国问题探讨为题，目的是将明中叶至清中叶的外国白银内流问题，放在1600年至1840年中国与当时世界经济联系的视野来进行观察，并从中国社会经济结构的角度对流转于中国的外银作用作深入而全面的研究。在这一研究课题中，考察外银怎样流入国内、流入国内的白银数量固然重要，但仅仅停留于此还远远不够，关键是要看它们对国内经济的影响和在全球化中的作用。由于历史的整体多于部分的总和，每一个部分不仅受到其他部分的影响，而且还取决于在整个世界体系中发生了什么。我们无法理解和预测出当欧洲和美洲发生的一些事会在亚洲发生什么反应，反之，我们也无法想象源于某一处的事件是否会影响其它的任何地区，这就是整个世界系统的动态和结构的影响。 外银的大规模输入主要有三个渠道，即以马尼拉为中心的海上丝绸之路与美洲白银的涌入；以长崎为中心的中日贸易与日本白银的入华；以澳门为中心的西洋贸易与外银的内流。那个历史时期，西班牙大帆船、中国海船、日本商船穿梭往返于太平洋、大西洋、黄海和南中国海，构成了规模宏大的丝茶白银贸易的全球商业网络。并因此有种类繁多的外国白银流入中国。 明清两代，中国与日本通过直接贸易和间接贸易两种方式，从日本输入了大量的白银。日本的白银主要通过三大渠道输入的：第一条渠道，是自16世纪60年代开始的由葡萄牙人控制的澳门与中国、日本的转口贸易；其次就是自1602年成立的荷兰东印度公司与日本的贸易；第三条渠道，中国与日本的直接贸易，包括官方的朝贡贸易和明中叶以后的民间海上贸易。 面对外国白银的大量涌入，朝野上下意见相左，有以王象乾、侯恂、吕维祺等为代表的抵制外银、强化中央财政的主张，认为只有通过国家的安排与调配，才能应对因此带来的社会问题；有以张溥、宋应星、顾炎武、黄宗羲、陆世仪等为代表的以外银济钱顺应商品经济的议论，他们肯定国家在经济发展中的角色与地位，同时强调民间经济力量的重要性，以银的大量应用弥补铜钱的不足，推动经济的发展；也有以蒋臣、冯梦龙、陈子龙、为代表的折中货币策略，认为国家与民间力量同样重要，两者相互为用才能解决银贵钱贱所带来的种种问题。 外国白银在国内急需白银形势下的大量流入，无疑对明清时期的中国社会经济产生积极的影响，尤其对长江、珠江三角洲等商品经济程度高的地区更具有推动作用，在当时的商品流通领域中，可见到外国白银已被广泛使用，由于其重量易定、便于携带，在商贸活动中几有取代原有国产白银的趋势，并对国内机制币的出现具有重要的作用。国内对外银的旺盛需求拉动了丝茶产地商品经济的成熟、推动了海外贸易的蓬勃发展，并因此促成实力强大的海商阶层，可以说，当时中国已经深深卷入世界经济贸易圈中了，，成为全球化经济中的重要成员之一。
[Abstract]:in that course of the Ming and the Qing dynasty, the problem of the internal flow of foreign silver in the middle of the Ming and Qing dynasty was discussed as a topic, with the purpose of observing the foreign-silver internal flow in the middle of the Ming dynasty to the middle of the Qing dynasty, and put it in the view of the world's economic contact between 1600 and 1840. And from the angle of China's social and economic structure, it is a thorough and comprehensive study on the role of the external silver that is circulated in China. In this research subject, it is not enough to study how the external silver flows into the country, and the amount of silver flowing into the country is not enough. The key is to see their impact on the domestic economy and the role in the globalization. As the whole of the history is more than the sum of the parts, each part is not only affected by other parts but also on what has occurred throughout the world system. We can't understand and predict what happens in Asia when something happens in Europe and the Americas, and on the other hand, we can't imagine whether an event from one place will affect any other region, that is, the dynamics and structure of the entire world system. The large-scale input of external silver has three channels, namely, the influx of the sea silk road in Manila as the center and the silver in the Americas; the China-Japan trade and the Japanese silver entering China as the center of Nagasaki; and the Western trade and the outside as the center of Macao The inner flow of silver. The historical period, the Spanish big sailing boat, the Chinese sea boat, the Japanese merchant ship shuttle to and from the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea, constitute a large-scale silk tea and silver trade global a business network. And so there are a wide variety of foreign silver In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China and Japan adopted two ways of direct trade and indirect trade, from day to day This input is a large amount of silver. The silver in Japan is mainly input through three channels: the first channel is the Portuguese-controlled Macau and China and Japan in the 1960s; the second is the Dutch East Indian company and Japan, which was set up in 1602 The trade; the third channel, the direct trade between China and Japan, including the official tribute trade and the middle of the Ming Dynasty In the face of a large influx of foreign silver, a large influx of foreign silver, with a view of the wild and up-to-the-eye view, has the idea of strengthening the central finance by resisting foreign silver as a representative, such as the king, the State of the Republic of China, and Luvish. It is considered that only through the arrangement and provision of the State, it will be possible to deal with it. As a result, there are the social problems brought about by the commodity economy, such as Zhang Yi, Song Yingxing, Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Lu Shiyi, etc., and they affirmed the role and position of the state in the economic development, and stressed the importance of the civil economic power. The use of silver to make up for the deficiency of the copper money and promote the development of the economy; it also has the trade-off monetary policy of the representative, Feng Menglong, Chen Zilong and the representative, and it is considered that the state and the folk power are equally important, both of which are mutually exclusive To solve the problems caused by the base of silver and silver, foreign silver, which is in urgent need of the large inflow of silver in the country, will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the Chinese social economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in areas with high commodity economy such as the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta. in that field of commodity circulation at that time, it is possible to see that the foreign silver has been widely used, because the weight is easy to set, it is convenient to carry, and the trend of replacing the original domestic silver in the commercial activity The strong demand of domestic foreign silver has led to the maturity of the commodity economy in the production of silk and tea, and promoted the vigorous development of the overseas trade, and thus led to a strong sea-business class, which can be said, At that time, China was deeply involved in the world economic and trade
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F832.9;K248
本文编号：2313924
[Abstract]:in that course of the Ming and the Qing dynasty, the problem of the internal flow of foreign silver in the middle of the Ming and Qing dynasty was discussed as a topic, with the purpose of observing the foreign-silver internal flow in the middle of the Ming dynasty to the middle of the Qing dynasty, and put it in the view of the world's economic contact between 1600 and 1840. And from the angle of China's social and economic structure, it is a thorough and comprehensive study on the role of the external silver that is circulated in China. In this research subject, it is not enough to study how the external silver flows into the country, and the amount of silver flowing into the country is not enough. The key is to see their impact on the domestic economy and the role in the globalization. As the whole of the history is more than the sum of the parts, each part is not only affected by other parts but also on what has occurred throughout the world system. We can't understand and predict what happens in Asia when something happens in Europe and the Americas, and on the other hand, we can't imagine whether an event from one place will affect any other region, that is, the dynamics and structure of the entire world system. The large-scale input of external silver has three channels, namely, the influx of the sea silk road in Manila as the center and the silver in the Americas; the China-Japan trade and the Japanese silver entering China as the center of Nagasaki; and the Western trade and the outside as the center of Macao The inner flow of silver. The historical period, the Spanish big sailing boat, the Chinese sea boat, the Japanese merchant ship shuttle to and from the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea, constitute a large-scale silk tea and silver trade global a business network. And so there are a wide variety of foreign silver In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China and Japan adopted two ways of direct trade and indirect trade, from day to day This input is a large amount of silver. The silver in Japan is mainly input through three channels: the first channel is the Portuguese-controlled Macau and China and Japan in the 1960s; the second is the Dutch East Indian company and Japan, which was set up in 1602 The trade; the third channel, the direct trade between China and Japan, including the official tribute trade and the middle of the Ming Dynasty In the face of a large influx of foreign silver, a large influx of foreign silver, with a view of the wild and up-to-the-eye view, has the idea of strengthening the central finance by resisting foreign silver as a representative, such as the king, the State of the Republic of China, and Luvish. It is considered that only through the arrangement and provision of the State, it will be possible to deal with it. As a result, there are the social problems brought about by the commodity economy, such as Zhang Yi, Song Yingxing, Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Lu Shiyi, etc., and they affirmed the role and position of the state in the economic development, and stressed the importance of the civil economic power. The use of silver to make up for the deficiency of the copper money and promote the development of the economy; it also has the trade-off monetary policy of the representative, Feng Menglong, Chen Zilong and the representative, and it is considered that the state and the folk power are equally important, both of which are mutually exclusive To solve the problems caused by the base of silver and silver, foreign silver, which is in urgent need of the large inflow of silver in the country, will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the Chinese social economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in areas with high commodity economy such as the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta. in that field of commodity circulation at that time, it is possible to see that the foreign silver has been widely used, because the weight is easy to set, it is convenient to carry, and the trend of replacing the original domestic silver in the commercial activity The strong demand of domestic foreign silver has led to the maturity of the commodity economy in the production of silk and tea, and promoted the vigorous development of the overseas trade, and thus led to a strong sea-business class, which can be said, At that time, China was deeply involved in the world economic and trade
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F832.9;K248
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前2条
1 孟凡胜;明清徽州水利社会几个问题的研究[D];安徽大学;2013年
2 马良;明清时期白银货币泛化研究（16-19世纪中叶）[D];辽宁大学;2013年
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 蔡小平;明代洪武永乐时期的荒政与钞法[D];江西师范大学;2011年
2 郑俊荣;万历时期援朝抗倭战争前后明与朝鲜流通的银[D];黑龙江大学;2012年
3 韩丽华;20世纪以来中国大陆的一条鞭法研究[D];东北师范大学;2012年
本文编号：2313924
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