三杨与明初政治

发布时间：2018-11-06 09:51

【摘要】： 本文围绕三杨(杨士奇、杨荣和杨溥)的主要政治活动进行论述，目的在于分析和评价三杨在明初政治中的作用和贡献。在内容上基本上涵盖了三杨在明初政治中的活动和事迹，力图较全面地反映和评价三杨的政治活动。全文分成五个章节进行论述，侧重点不同，但都是重大的历史事件，都属于明初政治的重要内容。本文将运用唯物史观为方法论，立足于基本的历史资料，采纳和吸收与此有关的研究成果，并有所创新，提出自己的见解，最终经导师的指导，经过改进，完成本文。在第一部分，主要论述内阁制度的形成和完善过程，以及三杨在这个过程中，与制度本身的关系和所处的地位，并分析和评价三杨对内阁制度的形成所发挥的独特作用。在第二部分，主要论述三杨充当帝师的特殊职责，即他们用儒家典籍对皇帝和储君进行启沃讲读，助益学问，培育其道德精神和治国理念，使其熟谙封建治道，以及由此对帝王产生的影响。在第三部分，，主要论述三杨最为基本的政治活动，他们对明初政治所施加的影响，这集中体现在政策方针的制定和执行贯彻上。这一部分，是文章的核心，也是分析和评价三杨的基本立足点。在第四部分，主要论述三杨在安定王室、平定藩王叛乱中所持有的主张和发挥的作用。在第五部分，论述和分析安南分离于中国的历史原因，以及三杨所持有的政治主张。总之，在三杨辅政时期，明初政治经历着一个从嬗变到稳定的过程，在政治取向上也经历着一个从外向型政治向内向型政治转变的过程。三杨在这一转变过程中发挥了极为重要的作用。他们不仅是经历者，而且是参与者和决策者，作为优秀的地主阶级政治家，三杨立足于维护封建社会长治久安的目的，把儒家治国思想理想化，极力推崇儒道，追求儒道的治平之绩，因而把更多的注意力转向解决封建社会内部的自身矛盾，着力调整地主和农民阶级间的利害冲突，竭力消除由封建统治者所造成的社会各种不稳定因素和危机。他们深知农民阶级的稳定是封建国家稳定的前提，因而主张强化国家的管理职能，以便维护小农经济的稳定。这客观上为封建社会进一步发展创造了条件，延缓了它的衰落过程。尽管这种政治转变基本上符合了封建社会晚期政治、经济的需要，在深度上为封建社会的进一步发展寻求出路，但其局限性和消极性也很明显。这种政治求稳定而不求发展，以不变应万变，机械地解决时或产生的社会矛盾和危机，循规蹈矩，趋于保守。三杨作为这种政治的代表人物，建议放弃安南，以及对宦官势力斗争所表现出的软弱，正是这种政治理念的反映。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses the main political activities of San Yang (Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu) in order to analyze and evaluate the role and contribution of San Yang in the early Ming Dynasty. The content basically covers the activities and deeds of San Yang in the politics of the early Ming Dynasty, and tries to reflect and evaluate the political activities of San Yang in a more comprehensive way. The full text is divided into five chapters, with different emphases, but they are all important historical events and belong to the important contents of politics in the early Ming Dynasty. This article will use historical materialism as the methodology, base on the basic historical data, adopt and absorb the related research results, and make some innovations, put forward its own opinions, and finally through the guidance of the instructor, through improvement, complete this article. In the first part, it mainly discusses the forming and perfecting process of cabinet system, and the relationship between Sanyang and the system itself and its position in this process, and analyzes and evaluates the unique role that Sanyang plays in the formation of cabinet system. In the second part, it mainly discusses the special duty of Sanyang as a teacher of the emperor, that is, they use the Confucian classics to read the emperor and the emperor, to help the knowledge, to cultivate their moral spirit and the idea of governing the country, and to make them familiar with the feudal way of governing. And the resulting influence on the emperor. In the third part, it mainly discusses the most basic political activities of San Yang, and their influence on politics in the early Ming Dynasty, which is embodied in the formulation and implementation of policies and guidelines. This part, is the core of the article, but also analysis and evaluation of the basic foothold of Yang. In the fourth part, mainly discusses the three-Yang in the stability of the royal family, the vassal rebellion held by the position and play a role. In the fifth part, it discusses and analyzes the historical reasons of Annan's separation from China and the political views held by Sam Yang. In a word, in the period of three Yang auxiliary politics, the politics in the early Ming Dynasty experienced a process from transmutation to stability, and the political orientation also experienced a process from extroverted politics to introverted politics. San Yang played an extremely important role in this transformation process. They are not only experienced, but also participants and decision makers, as excellent landlord class politicians, San Yang based on the purpose of maintaining a feudal society for a long time, idealized Confucianism, highly respected Confucianism, In pursuit of the achievements of Confucianism and Taoism, they turned more attention to resolving their own contradictions in feudal society, and focused on adjusting the conflicts of interest between the landlord and the peasant classes. Every effort was made to eliminate the social instability and crisis caused by feudal rulers. They knew that the stability of the peasant class was the premise of the stability of the feudal country, so they advocated strengthening the management function of the state in order to maintain the stability of the small-scale peasant economy. This objectively created conditions for the further development of feudal society and delayed its decline. Although this kind of political transformation basically accords with the needs of politics and economy in the late feudal society and seeks a way out for the further development of feudal society in depth, its limitation and negative polarity are also obvious. This kind of politics seeks stability rather than development, responds to all changes without change, mechanically resolves social contradictions and crises that sometimes arise, follows the rules and tends to be conservative. As a representative of this kind of politics, San Yang suggested giving up Annan and showing weakness in the struggle of eunuchs, which is a reflection of this political idea.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K248

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