明清地方与国家视域中的“海洋”

发布时间：2018-12-06 17:30

【摘要】：在古代中国历史上,"海洋"抑或海上活动在国家与地方社会的视域内从未一致过,尽管其紧张关系中也存在着妥协和平衡。明清时代,内陆立国的帝制政权出于防卫、社会安全和结构、体制稳定的需要,在海洋政策上采取了保守的国策,但于具体战略上却多有变更,并且时而出现松弛和失控的情形,从而与源于经济、市场动因的地方要求出现了错综复杂的博弈关系,这种紧张在江南等东南沿海地区表现得特别显著。明中期的倭患突现了明初海禁政策的痼疾,而明后期的弛禁甚乃放任主义主要是迫于来自地方利益的顽韧要求,于是与地方出现了某种调试和交集,从而有利于中国尤其是东南沿海的经济楔入开始连为一体的世界市场链条。但清代强有力的国家控制,在强化法定海上贸易与沿海、近海生产、航行活动的范畴内,有效地限制了"海洋"的空间,达到了内陆帝国思维内最为理想的格局,但却由于外部世界的骤变,也即近代世界资本主义的全球性扩张和占领,终于在19世纪中叶开始了包括海洋政策在内的帝国体系的崩溃。
[Abstract]:In ancient Chinese history, "sea" or "sea" activities have never been consistent in the horizon of national and local society, although there are compromises and balances in their tense relations. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the monarchical regime of the inland countries adopted conservative national policy in the maritime policy for the sake of defense, social security and structure, and institutional stability, but changed many times in the specific strategy. And sometimes the situation of relaxation and out of control, thus with the economic, market drivers of the local requirements of a complex game relationship, this tension in the south of the Yangtze River and other southeast coastal areas are particularly marked. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Japanese disease suddenly appeared the chronic disease of the policy of banning the sea in the early Ming Dynasty. However, the relaxation of the ban in the late Ming Dynasty was mainly due to the obstinate demands from the local interests, so there appeared some kind of debugging and intersecting with the local areas. Thus, China's economic wedge, especially along the southeast coast, began to link up with the world market chain. However, the powerful state control in the Qing Dynasty effectively restricted the space of the "ocean" within the scope of strengthening the legal maritime trade and coastal, offshore production and navigation activities, and reached the most ideal pattern in the thinking of the inland empire. However, due to the sudden changes in the outside world, that is, the global expansion and occupation of modern world capitalism, the collapse of the imperial system, including ocean policy, began in the middle of the 19th century.
【作者单位】：浙江大学中国古代史研究所;
【分类号】：K248;P7

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