宋代城市人口管理探析
发布时间：2018-12-17 10:04
【摘要】：宋代城市经济获得了长足的发展,城市人口增多,城市人口流动性大,人口成分复杂,城市人口呈现出自身的特征。为此,宋朝政府针对城市中不同类型的人口,制定不同的政策,加强对城市人口的管理。 文章分为五个部分。第一部分分析有宋一代城市人口的规模。宋代城市经济有了长足的发展,城市人口数量大为增加,特别是大量农村人口转入城市。重点分析广大农村人口转入城市的原因,以及对宋代主要城市的人口数量进行探析。宋代城市人口数量增多,城乡人口的比例和前代相比显著不同,城市人口规模较大。 第二部分,分析宋政府对户口登记和户籍实施管理。宋代城市人口和乡村人口在户口登记过程中分别列入不同的版籍。城市常住人口列为“坊郭户”,城乡人口在户籍上第一次区别划分。坊郭户和乡村户一样包括主户与客户,客户是附着在主户后面的,不划分户等,通常不承担赋税。坊郭主户按财产的多少分为十等,按等承担封建国家的赋税。坊郭主客户承担封建义务的不同,以及根据户等不同而负担不同,所以封建国家在户口登记过程中加强管理。政府行使监督职能,防止官吏滥用权利而造成登记的失实,以致给民众带来超负荷的负担,带来灾难。为此,宋代封建政府实施了一套有效的人口登记制度。另外,宋政府实行保甲制,将户籍与社会治安联系起来,加强封建人口管理。这是对人口实施社区管理的一种方式。 第三部分,分析宋朝政府对城市流动人口的管理政策。宋代城市流动人口数量大增,宋朝政府针对城市流动人口的不同类型制定了不同的政策。对于因灾荒而造成的大量灾民,政府在滞留期间除了提供食物外,还采用行政手段为灾民提供住处,让灾民在城市中有栖身之地。灾情过后,政府主要采取疏导政策,吸引民众归乡,返回原籍,以减少城市的压力:对于不愿意归乡的部分流民,政府设立临时户籍档案,以便加强管理和实施救济活动;对于长期滞留在城市中的工商业中的雇工或其他工商业者,政府也采取相应的政策。雇工是在城市中从事生产和服务的较稳定的人口,为广大城市居民提供便利条件,所以政府采取措施限制其自由。他们不得随意迁出城市,也不能自由地受雇于他人,不仅受到同业行会的限制,也受到官府的限制。对于入市的外地商贩,宋政府建立层层密密的商税
[Abstract]:The city economy of Song Dynasty has made great progress, the urban population has increased, the city population mobility is large, the population composition is complex, the urban population presents its own characteristics. Therefore, the Song Dynasty government made different policies to strengthen the management of the urban population according to the different types of population in the city. The article is divided into five parts. The first part analyzes the scale of urban population in Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, the urban economy developed rapidly, the urban population increased greatly, especially a large number of rural population transferred to the city. This paper mainly analyzes the reasons why the rural population transferred to the city, and analyzes the population of the main cities in the Song Dynasty. The number of urban population in Song Dynasty increased, the proportion of urban and rural population was significantly different from that of previous generations, and the scale of urban population was larger. The second part, analyzes the Song government to the household registration and household registration management. In Song Dynasty, urban population and rural population were included in different editions in the process of hukou registration. Urban resident population listed as "Fangguohu", urban and rural residents in the household registration of the first division. Fangguo households and rural households include the main household and customers, the customer is attached to the main household, do not divide households, usually do not bear taxes. Fangguo main household according to the number of property is divided into ten classes, according to the feudal country to bear taxes. Due to different feudal obligations and different burdens according to households, the feudal state strengthened its management in the process of household registration. The government exercises the supervisory function to prevent the officials from abusing their power and causing false registration, which brings the burden of overload and disaster to the public. Therefore, the feudal government of Song Dynasty implemented an effective population registration system. In addition, the Song government implemented the system of protection, the household registration and social security linked to strengthen feudal population management. This is a form of community management of the population. The third part, analyzes the Song Dynasty government to the urban floating population management policy. The number of urban floating population increased greatly in Song Dynasty, and the Song government made different policies for different types of urban floating population. For a large number of victims caused by famine, in addition to providing food during the stay, the government also uses administrative means to provide shelter for the victims, so that the victims can have shelter in the city. After the disaster, the government mainly adopted a policy of persuasion, attracting people to return to their homes and returning to their places of origin, in order to reduce the pressure on the cities. For some displaced people who did not wish to return to their homes, the government set up temporary household registration files in order to strengthen the management and implementation of relief activities; The government also adopts policies for employees or other industrialists who have been stranded in cities for a long time. Employment is a more stable population engaged in production and services in the city, providing convenient conditions for the vast number of urban residents, so the government took measures to restrict their freedom. They are not allowed to move out of the city or be freely employed, not only by the guild, but also by the government. For foreign traders entering the market, the Song government set up a layer by layer secret commercial tax.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K244
本文编号：2384055
[Abstract]:The city economy of Song Dynasty has made great progress, the urban population has increased, the city population mobility is large, the population composition is complex, the urban population presents its own characteristics. Therefore, the Song Dynasty government made different policies to strengthen the management of the urban population according to the different types of population in the city. The article is divided into five parts. The first part analyzes the scale of urban population in Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, the urban economy developed rapidly, the urban population increased greatly, especially a large number of rural population transferred to the city. This paper mainly analyzes the reasons why the rural population transferred to the city, and analyzes the population of the main cities in the Song Dynasty. The number of urban population in Song Dynasty increased, the proportion of urban and rural population was significantly different from that of previous generations, and the scale of urban population was larger. The second part, analyzes the Song government to the household registration and household registration management. In Song Dynasty, urban population and rural population were included in different editions in the process of hukou registration. Urban resident population listed as "Fangguohu", urban and rural residents in the household registration of the first division. Fangguo households and rural households include the main household and customers, the customer is attached to the main household, do not divide households, usually do not bear taxes. Fangguo main household according to the number of property is divided into ten classes, according to the feudal country to bear taxes. Due to different feudal obligations and different burdens according to households, the feudal state strengthened its management in the process of household registration. The government exercises the supervisory function to prevent the officials from abusing their power and causing false registration, which brings the burden of overload and disaster to the public. Therefore, the feudal government of Song Dynasty implemented an effective population registration system. In addition, the Song government implemented the system of protection, the household registration and social security linked to strengthen feudal population management. This is a form of community management of the population. The third part, analyzes the Song Dynasty government to the urban floating population management policy. The number of urban floating population increased greatly in Song Dynasty, and the Song government made different policies for different types of urban floating population. For a large number of victims caused by famine, in addition to providing food during the stay, the government also uses administrative means to provide shelter for the victims, so that the victims can have shelter in the city. After the disaster, the government mainly adopted a policy of persuasion, attracting people to return to their homes and returning to their places of origin, in order to reduce the pressure on the cities. For some displaced people who did not wish to return to their homes, the government set up temporary household registration files in order to strengthen the management and implementation of relief activities; The government also adopts policies for employees or other industrialists who have been stranded in cities for a long time. Employment is a more stable population engaged in production and services in the city, providing convenient conditions for the vast number of urban residents, so the government took measures to restrict their freedom. They are not allowed to move out of the city or be freely employed, not only by the guild, but also by the government. For foreign traders entering the market, the Song government set up a layer by layer secret commercial tax.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K244
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 杨瑞军;北宋东京治安制度研究[D];西北师范大学;2007年
2 白宏刚;宋代林业政策研究[D];广西师范大学;2010年
3 李伟峰;宋代城市管理制度研究[D];山东大学;2013年
，本文编号：2384055
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