清代新疆政治中心的转移

发布时间：2019-03-25 10:07

【摘要】： 乾隆二十四年(1759年),清政府平定准噶尔、大小和卓叛乱,统一新疆,设立了军政合一的军府制行政管理体制,将军驻伊犁惠远城,这里成为新疆的政治中心。十九世纪中期,新疆民众大起义和浩罕阿古柏、沙俄入侵新疆,严重危害了清政府对新疆的统治。新疆收复后,光绪十年(1884年)新疆建省,省会在乌鲁木齐。本文对清政府统一新疆后治理新疆政策的形成背景、基本内容进行了比较研究,探讨新疆政治、经济中心转移的过程以及边疆民族地方政治体制变革的一般规律。第一部分,主要论述清政府统一新疆后,治理新疆政策的形成背景、基本内容及其局限性。本章认为,清政府统一新疆后实行以军府制为主导的治理新疆的政策,适应了当时新疆特殊的社会历史情形和时代背景,在很大程度上使新疆地方各个利益集团之间的关系得到较好整合而趋于暂时平衡,新疆地方社会出现了近百年的相对稳定,客观上有利于维护国家的统一和边疆的安全。但是,伴随着清政府内部出现的统治危机,以军府制为主导的治理新疆的政策的弊端日渐凸显,打破了新疆地方社会利益关系的平衡状态,逐渐丧失了有效政治控制的功效。第二部分,主要论述清初乌鲁木齐发展成为仅次于伊犁的重要政治、经济中心。本章认为清政府平定准噶尔叛乱后,因乌鲁木齐地处要冲,自然成为驻兵屯田的重镇之一。经过二十年的经营,乌鲁木齐经济发展,政治地位提升。为十九世纪八十年代新疆政治中心的转移奠定了基础。第三部分,主要论述十九世纪日益加剧的边疆危机,迫使清政府革新其原来治理新疆的政策。新疆建省的同时,实现了新疆政治中心的转移。本章认为十九世纪阿古柏入侵新疆和沙俄侵占伊犁造成的十九世纪西北边疆危机,使政治中心伊犁成为边陲之地,而且经济衰落。侵略者对新疆长达十年的占领,旧制荡然无存。为了保证新疆的长期稳定,维护国家领土主权的完整。光绪十年(1884年) 新疆建省,新疆政治统治中心从伊犁转移到乌鲁木齐。二者是互为因果的。新疆政治中心的转移,与新疆政治体制转型联系在一起。其积极意义表明边疆民族地方政治体制变革,必须以中华民族的整体利益为根本出发点和最终归宿,以是否有利于边疆稳定、民族团结和祖国统一为基本原则,而且还应该符合边疆民族地方的客观实际,因地制宜,与时俱进。只有这样,才能保证国家统一与边疆民族地方的发展相协调。
[Abstract]:In the 24 years of Qianlong (1759), the Qing government leveled Junggar, unified Xinjiang, and established a military administration system in which generals were stationed in Huiyuan City in Yili, where they became the political center of Xinjiang. In the middle of the 19th century, the popular uprising and the invasion of Xinjiang by Russian and Russian forces seriously jeopardized the Qing government's rule over Xinjiang. After Xinjiang recovered, Guang Xu ten years (1884) Xinjiang Province, the provincial capital in Urumqi. This paper makes a comparative study on the formation background and basic contents of the Qing government's policy of governing Xinjiang after the unification of Xinjiang, and probes into the process of the transfer of Xinjiang's political and economic center as well as the general law of the reform of the local political system of the ethnic groups in the border areas. The first part mainly discusses the formation background, basic contents and limitations of the Qing government's policy of governing Xinjiang after the unification of Xinjiang. This chapter holds that the Qing government implemented the policy of governing Xinjiang with military administration system as the leading factor after the reunification of Xinjiang, which adapted to the special social and historical situation and the background of the times in Xinjiang at that time. To a great extent, the relationship between the local interest groups in Xinjiang has been well integrated and tends to a temporary balance. The local society in Xinjiang has been relatively stable for nearly a hundred years, which is objectively conducive to maintaining the unity of the country and the security of the border areas. However, along with the ruling crisis in the Qing government, the malpractice of the policy of governing Xinjiang with the military government system as the leading factor became more and more obvious, which broke the balance of the local social interests in Xinjiang and gradually lost the effectiveness of effective political control. The second part mainly discusses the development of Urumqi into an important political and economic center next to Yili in the early Qing Dynasty. This chapter believes that the Qing government Pingding Junggar insurgency, because Urumqi is located in the town, naturally become one of the key towns stationed in Tuntian. After 20 years of operation, Urumqi economic development, political status improvement. It laid a foundation for the transfer of the political center of Xinjiang in the 1880's. The third part mainly discusses the growing frontier crisis in the 19th century, forcing the Qing government to reform its original policy of governing Xinjiang. At the same time, the establishment of Xinjiang Province, the political center of Xinjiang to achieve the transfer. This chapter points out that the 19th century western frontier crisis caused by the invasion of Xinjiang and Russian occupation by Russia made the political center Ili the frontier and the economic decline in the 19th century, which resulted in the invasion of Xinjiang and Russian occupation of Ili in the 19th century. The occupation of Xinjiang by the aggressors for ten years, the old system disappeared. In order to ensure the long-term stability of Xinjiang and safeguard the integrity of national territorial sovereignty. Guang Xu ten years (1884) Xinjiang Province, Xinjiang political domination center transferred from Yili to Urumqi. The two are mutual cause and effect. The transfer of the political center in Xinjiang is related to the transformation of the political system in Xinjiang. Its positive significance shows that the reform of the local political system of the border nationalities must take the overall interests of the Chinese nation as the fundamental starting point and final destination, and whether it is conducive to the stability of the border areas, national unity and the reunification of the motherland as the basic principles. Moreover, it should conform to the objective reality of the border ethnic areas, adapt to local conditions, and keep pace with the times. Only in this way can the unity of the country be coordinated with the development of the ethnic areas in the border areas.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K249

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