明末清初豆饼的出现和江南农业的发达

发布时间：2019-03-26 15:15

【摘要】：明末清初时期,随着雇佣劳动者的怠业和劳动条件逐渐变的苛刻,劳动力的保障和使用开始变的困难,动员人力来生产肥料变的不太容易。再加上堆肥或者粪尿等在制作和腐熟的过程中需要不少时间,从外面购入的时候不但不方便而且运费和人力的消耗也大。另外,直接在水旱田中施肥的时候也需要不少的劳动力。另外,渐渐的社会经济条件发生了变化,投资众多劳动力来生产踏粪或者从外地拿到粪尿也并不容易,人们对于肥料的认识发生了变化。饼肥在很短的时间内受到关注的原因是可以有效的吸纳这样的条件变化而提高生产力。从这些方面来看,可以得知豆饼是明中期以后,特别是明末清初社会经济发展的产物。特别是豆饼在水分很多的土地上使得温度升高,以促进作物的生长,豆饼对水田中各种莲,芡等湿地作物以及甘蔗的栽培都有效果。因此,明代中期以后,金肥变的现实化,宋代以后,对于持续发展的江南地区的开发,水田面积的扩大和稻麦复种制的普及以及蚕桑业的发展都和施肥量的增大有所关联。再加上当时人口增加,土地的保有面积为10亩,有所缩减,人们的目光转向各种商品作物,土地利用度也有所增加,于是需要符合江南地区的速效性追肥,于是豆饼受到苛刻的劳动条件和效率影响而开始出现。
[Abstract]:In the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, the labor security and use began to become difficult, and it was not easy to mobilize manpower to produce fertilizer. Combined with compost or fecal urine, it takes a lot of time in the process of making and maturing, and buying from outside is not only inconvenient, but also expensive for freight and manpower. In addition, it also needs a lot of labor when fertilizing directly in the paddy and arid fields. In addition, gradually the socio-economic conditions have changed, it is not easy to invest in a large number of labor to produce defecation or to get feces from other places, and people's understanding of fertilizer has changed. Cake fertilizer has attracted much attention in a very short period of time because it can effectively absorb such changes in conditions and improve productivity. From these aspects, we can know that bean cake is the product of social and economic development after the mid-Ming Dynasty, especially in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. Especially, soybean cake can increase the temperature in the soil with a lot of moisture to promote the growth of crops. Bean cake has effect on the cultivation of wetland crops such as lotus, thickener and sugarcane in paddy field. Therefore, after the middle period of Ming Dynasty, the reality of gold fertilizer change was realized. After Song Dynasty, the development of sustainable development of Jiangnan region, the expansion of paddy field area, the popularization of rice-wheat double cropping system and the development of sericulture were all related to the increase of fertilizer application. Coupled with the increase in population at that time, the land tenure area of 10 mu was reduced, people's eyes turned to various commodity crops, and the use of land also increased, so it was necessary to accord with the rapid effect of topdressing in the south of the Yangtze River. So bean cake was affected by harsh labor conditions and efficiency and began to appear.
【作者单位】：韩国釜山大学历史系;北京大学历史学系;
【分类号】：F329;K248

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