清琉封贡关系的确立及其影响因素探析

发布时间：2019-04-13 08:42

【摘要】：明朝灭亡后,中琉封贡关系没有立即确立,而是经历了一段曲折的过程。琉球因东亚局势的变化特别是中国的朝代更迭而一度徘徊不定,但最终被纳入清王朝的封贡体制当中。清琉封贡关系的确立伴随着各方势力的博弈。在此过程中,琉球基于现实主义的考量,选择了最具实力的能够保障琉球国家安全和经济利益的清王朝为靠山,依靠清王朝主导的封贡体制维系国家的存续和经济社会的发展。琉球这一选择的内在动因是"实力主义",此外还来自数百年来中琉封贡关系的历史积淀和价值认同,来自琉球自身"空道的性格"以及主导琉球海上贸易的海商集团的现实利益诉求。此外,中日琉既存的平衡互动机制也在起作用。从清琉封贡关系的确立过程能够看出琉球寻求立身于封贡体制和华夷秩序的不懈努力。琉球在明清交替、东亚海洋力量格局复杂多变的历史关头找准了位置,获取了稳定的环境,得以继续发展海外贸易,确保其继续"自为一国"二百余年。
[Abstract]:After the demise of Ming Dynasty, the relationship between China and Ryukyu was not established immediately, but went through a tortuous process. Due to the change of the situation in East Asia, especially the change of Chinese dynasties, Ryukyu lingered at one time, but was eventually incorporated into the feudal system of the Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the relationship between Qing Ryukyu and feudal tributes was accompanied by the game of forces of all sides. In this process, based on the consideration of realism, Ryukyu chose the most powerful Qing Dynasty, which could guarantee the national security and economic interests of Ryukyu, to maintain the survival of the country and the economic and social development by relying on the feudal tribute system dominated by the Qing Dynasty. The intrinsic motive of Ryukyu's choice is "power doctrine", in addition, it also comes from the historical accumulation and value recognition of Sino-Ryukyu-Fenggong relationship over the past hundreds of years. It comes from Ryukyu's own "empty character" and the realistic interests of the maritime business group that dominates Ryukyu's maritime trade. In addition, Sino-Japanese Ryukyu existing balanced interaction mechanism is also at work. From the establishment of the relationship between the Qing Ryukyu and feudal tributes, it can be seen that Ryukyu sought to establish himself in the system of feudal tribute and the order of the Huayi people. During the alternation of Ming and Qing dynasties and the complicated and changeable history of the East Asian Seas, Ryukyu found its position and gained a stable environment, which allowed it to continue to develop overseas trade and ensure that it continued to be "one country" for more than two hundred years.
【作者单位】：中国海洋大学文学与新闻传播学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金项目(12BGJ025) 教育部人文社科重点研究基地项目(2012JDZS01)
【分类号】：K249;D691

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