春秋战国官吏腐败与反腐败述考

发布时间：2019-06-13 12:50

【摘要】：春秋战国是中国历史上奴隶制衰落瓦解、封建制逐步确立的时代。一方面，官吏腐败与前代相比无论在表现形式还是在严重程度上都有所发展；另一方面，面对官吏的腐败之风，统治者为了达到争霸图存、兼并统一的目的，又都积极制定一系列反腐措施，为后世的反腐留下了宝贵的经验与教训。本文即以这一特定历史时期为背景，在前人研究成果的基础上，对春秋战国的官吏腐败与反腐败作一系统的考察与分析，力图构画出春秋战国官吏腐败与反腐败的全貌，从中探询出值得后世借鉴的反腐经验与教训。本文共分四章。第一章绪论部分重点在于界定核心概念腐败的定义和划分官吏腐败的类型，并对腐败的源头—夏商、西周时期的官吏腐败作了简要概述。本文在采用前人关于腐败观点的基础上对腐败进行了重新界定，即腐败是指官吏滥用国家权力谋取私利，导致公共利益的不正当转移，从而对国家的政治、经济、社会具有极大破坏作用的行为。为了研究上的方便，我们大体上把官吏腐败划分成经济腐败、政治腐败、生活腐败三种类型。文章的主体部分在探讨官吏腐败时就采用这种划分方法。通过对腐败源头的考察，我们认为夏商、西周的官吏腐败是呈逐步增长的趋势。第二章集中探讨春秋战国时期的官吏腐败。为此，又划分成三节进行具体分析。在第一节官吏腐败的表现部分，我们按照经济腐败、政治腐败、生活腐败三种类型分别考察春秋、战国时期官吏腐败的表现。其中，经济腐败主要包括贪污、贿赂、厚敛勒索。政治腐败主要包括不理政务、枉法不公、朋党比奸、嫉贤妒能。生活腐败主要指生活上僭礼越制，腐化堕落。通过考察我们认为春秋战国时期的官吏腐败无论是在表现形式还是在严重程度上都比前代有了进一步的发展。在第二节春秋战国官吏腐败的比较部分，主要论述了战国相对于春秋来说官吏腐败的新变化，我们归纳出四点：一、经济腐败由春秋多以实物的形式到战国多以货币的转变。其原因在于战国时期商品经济获得了很大的发展，商品经济的发展必然引起对货币需求的上涨，因而各国官吏都转向聚敛金钱这种货币形式。二、政治腐败中战国嫉贤妒能的凸显。我们认为战国社会的转型，新型官僚制度建立后，士人大量涌入统治阶层，打破了统治阶层原有的势力格局，同时士阶层之间也形成了激烈的竞争，这些都是造成战国嫉贤妒能凸显的原因。三、生活腐败上战国对旧礼的废弃。其原因在于西周旧礼对战国已无约束力。四、腐败程度上战国比春秋更严重。原因有三：其一，战国官吏责任心的下降；其二，战国士阶层入仕的困难；其三，战国士阶层价值观念的变化。第三节论述春秋战国官吏腐败的恶果。我们认为，无论何种形式的腐败都会对国家政权产生严重的危害，它不仅削弱君权，破坏礼法，败坏仕风，加重人民负担、激化阶级矛盾，，有的甚至直接导致亡国。第三章集中探讨春秋战国的反腐败。在此章中也划分成三节进行具体分析。在第一节春秋战国反腐措施部分，分别考察了春秋战国两个时期反腐的具体措施。春秋时期的反腐措施有：（一）在职官管理上主要有以廉能择官的选官制度和激浊扬清的考核制度。（二）以史官监察和舆论监督为主要内容的有效监察制度。（三）倡廉抑奢。（四）严刑治腐。战国时期的反腐措施有：（一）职官管理上不仅严把官吏廉明的入口关和在经济管理中制定严格的制约机制，而且形成以廉贪及是否奉职守法为重要内容的考核制度。在职官管理上真正做到了事前选拔，事中监督，事后惩治，对防治官吏腐败起到了重要作用。（二）以御史监察和社会监督为主要内容的有效监察制度。（三）倡廉抑奢。（四）厚禄助廉。（五）以制定法律，严密惩腐法网和执行法律，严惩贪官污吏为主要内容的以法治腐制度。在全面考察两个时期反腐措施的基础上，可以看出，战国的反腐措施是在继承春秋的基础上有所发展和创新，因而两个时期的反腐措施既有联系又有区别。在第二节春秋战国反腐措施的比较部分主要是探讨这些异同之处。我们总结出不同点有：（一）春秋反腐措施的松散不成孰性与战国的周密规范性的差别。（二）春秋以礼治腐和战国以法治腐的差别。共同点有：（一）采取形式多样的反腐措施。（二）注重道德教育。不同的反腐措施导致不同的反腐效果，在总结春秋战国反腐措施不同点的基础上，第三节春秋战国反腐效果部分，集中探讨了由此导致的这种反腐效果的差异。我们认为春秋时期由于贵族享有法律特权，使得许多贪官污吏得以逃脱法律制裁，因而使其反腐效果大打折扣；而战国时期不仅取消了贵族的法律特权，而且严格以法治腐，使反腐取得显著成效。第四章在全面考察春秋战国反腐的基础上，从中探询出值得后世借鉴的反腐经验与教训：一、坚持综合治理，才能标本兼治。二、治腐必须从重从严。三、“事断于法”是反腐基础。四、严格执法是反腐关键。
[Abstract]:The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the times of the gradual establishment of the decline of slavery and the formation of the formed system in the history of China. On the one hand, the corruption of the official officials and the previous generation have been developed in both the manifestations and the serious degree; on the other hand, in the face of the corrupt practices of the officials, the rulers are actively developing a series of anti-corruption measures in order to achieve the purpose of seeking hegemony, saving and merging, It has left valuable experience and lessons for the anti-corruption of later generations. On the basis of the previous research results, this paper makes a systematic review and analysis of the corruption and anti-corruption of the officials in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States, and tries to construct a full view of the corruption and anti-corruption of the officials in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States. The experience and lessons of anti-corruption which are worthy of reference for later generations are inquired from. This article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter of the introduction is to define the definition of the core concept of corruption and the type of the official corruption, and the source of corruption. In this paper, the corruption is re-defined on the basis of the previous scholars' opinions on the corruption, that is, the corruption is the improper transfer of the public interest, which leads to the improper transfer of the public interest, and thus the politics of the state. In order to study the convenience of the study, we divide the official corruption into the classics. The three types of economic corruption, political corruption and life corruption. The main part of the article This method of division is used in the investigation of the corruption of the official. Through the investigation of the source of corruption, we think the Xia The official corruption in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the trend of the gradual increase. The second chapter focuses on the spring The official corruption in the Republic of China during the period of the Warring States period is divided into three sections. In the first section of the corrupt performance of the official, we are in accordance with economic corruption and political corruption. The three types of life corruption are divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the official corruption in the Warring States Period. The performance of the defeat. Among them, the economic corruption mainly includes corruption, bribery, and extortion. The treatment of corruption mainly includes the neglect of government affairs, the unfairness of the law and the ratio of the party to the party. The corruption of life mainly refers to the more systematic and corrupt the life, and through the examination of the corruption of the officials in the period of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States In the second section, the article mainly discusses the new changes of the official corruption in the Warring States and the Spring and Autumn Period, and we conclude four points: In the Warring States Period, the commodity economy of the Republic of China was greatly developed, and the development of the commodity economy inevitably caused the goods The demand for currency is rising, so all the officials of the state turn to the crowd. In the form of money, the cynicism in the political corruption can be highlighted. In our opinion, the transition of the Warring States society and the establishment of a new type of bureaucratic system, the scholar mass influx into the ruling class, and broke the old power pattern of the ruling class, and the same time the people of the same time It's a fierce competition, all of which are the cause of the war. The cause of the nation's cynicism.... ..on the corruption of life. The disuse of the old rite in the Warring States period. The reason is that the Western Zhou The old ritual has no binding force on the Warring States period. Four, the degree of corruption is more serious than that of the Spring and Autumn Period. The reason is three: one, the decline of the responsibility of the official in the Warring States period; and the second, The Difficulties of the Period of the Warring States; Third, the Warring States The third section discusses the evil of the corruption of the officials in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States. We believe that whatever form of corruption can cause serious harm to the state power, it not only weakens the monarch's rights, but also breaks the law of law and discredit. the wind, the burden of the people and the intensification of class contradictions, Some even directly lead to the dead. The third chapter focuses on the anti-corruption of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States. In the first section of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the anti-corruption measures in the two periods of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period were investigated. The anti-corruption measures during the Spring and Autumn Period were investigated. Application: (1) In the management of the civil service, there are mainly the system of selecting and choosing the official and choosing the official. The assessment system of the clear and clear degree. (2) in history The effective monitoring system of supervision and public opinion supervision is the main content. (3) The anti-corruption measures in the Republic of China. (4) The anti-corruption measures in the Warring States period are: (1) the management of the official officials not only strictly controls the officials and the officials, but also the economic management The establishment of strict restrictive mechanisms, and the formation of an assessment system that is an important part of the law of corruption and whether or not it is serving as an important content. In the management of the official I really did the pre-selection, the supervision in the event, the post-punishment, and the prevention and control of the official. The corruption has played an important role To use. (2) to take the imperial history. The supervision and social supervision is the effective monitoring system of the main content. (3) The anti-corruption and anti-corruption. (4) It is hard to clean up. (5) It can be seen that the anti-corruption measures of the Warring States are in the base of comprehensive investigation of the anti-corruption measures in the two periods. With the development and innovation on the basis of the Spring and Autumn Period, the anti-corruption measures in the two periods have both In the second section of the Spring and Autumn Period, the comparative part of the anti-corruption measures is mainly to explore the similarities and differences. The different points are: (1) the loosening of the anti-corruption measures in the Spring and Autumn Period The Difference of the Relationship between the Nature and the Warring States Period. (2) Spring In the autumn, the rule of law and the Warring States and the Warring States Period The common thing is: (1) taking various anti-corruption measures in form; (2) paying attention to moral education. Different anti-corruption measures lead to different anti-corruption effects, which are the basis of summing up the different points of anti-corruption measures in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period. On the part of the anti-corruption effect of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this paper focused on the difference of the anti-corruption effect. We think that the nobles enjoy the legal privilege in the spring and autumn period, so that many corrupt officials can escape the legal sanction, so that the anti-corruption effect is greatly reduced. In the Warring States period, not only the legal privilege of the nobles was eliminated, but also the corruption of the rule of law was strictly controlled, and the anti-corruption was made remarkable. On the Basis of the Anti-corruption of the Warring States Period It is worth to learn from the experience and lessons of anti-corruption, which is worthy of the later generations: one, to adhere to the comprehensive treatment to treat both the symptoms and the root causes. 2. It is necessary to be given a heavier punishment for the treatment of the rot.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K225

【参考文献】