明蒙关系研究——以明蒙双边政策及明朝对蒙古的防御为中心
发布时间：2019-06-28 13:02
【摘要】：本研究以明朝与蒙古的双边政策和明朝对蒙古的防御体制为中心，探讨明蒙关系发展演变问题。 正文分为两部分：第一部分探讨明朝对蒙政策和蒙古对明政策。文章以土木之变和俺答封贡为限，分为明前期、明中期和明后期三个阶段进行论述。明前期明朝对蒙政策中论述了洪武时期的对蒙政策，包括统一全国战略下的军事攻伐和政治诱降政策，对峙局面下的北边防御政策，对降附蒙古人的安置政策；永乐时期对蒙政策，主要谈其封贡互市政策及对北边防御体系的调整；仁、宣以来对蒙政策主要是安抚和防御，即一方面继承永乐封贡政策以羁縻蒙古，另一方面进一步收缩北边军事防线，加强防卫。明中期明朝的蒙古政策日渐走向消极保守，转变为一种固守应付政策。明后期明朝对蒙古的政策包括两方面：其一是贡市和战守互相结合的政策；其二是宗教文化政策。 在论述明朝对蒙政策的同时，，文章也相应探讨各个时期蒙古对明朝的政策。明前期北元君臣的对明政策中分别谈大汗和权臣对明朝的不同态度和政策：元朝灭亡后，北元君主始终与明采取敌对态度，政治上不承认明朝合法地位，而仍以正统自居；军事上不时南下，抗衡明军。蒙古贵族权臣比大汗有着更为灵活务实的态度，他们向明朝俯首，目的不外是为了谋求生存和发展。这在大汗权势衰微时便突出地表现出来。明中期蒙古的对明政策中包括也先之后至满都鲁汗的亦贡亦掠政策；达延汗继位后凭借强势要求平等往来的政策；俺答汗崛起后以和求和及以战迫和政策。明后期的政策主要体现在蒙古也制定了自己针对封贡的法令制度。 在明朝对蒙古的政策中，最重要且长久的是防御政策，这一政策的直接产物就是九边防御体制，因此第二部分对九边防御体制进行研究。首先论述了九边的设立，考析了九边诸镇设立、称镇的过程和时间，并指出了边镇的设立与明蒙关系发展密切相关的情况；其次探讨了九边的官制，分武官、内臣、文官三部分进行论述：武官主要谈“行伍官”系统，这一系统以总兵官为首，包括副总兵、参将、游击、守备、把总等；内臣镇守系统，包括镇守、分守、守备、监枪诸内臣。文臣主要包括总督、巡抚、巡按和兵备；最后论述了九边防御体系，从新的角度出发，探讨长城防御工事的构成及其在防御蒙古中的作用，修筑过程及其影响，同时对九边军队的建制和组成以及数额、九边的军费的消费构成、供给途径等问题进行了探讨和辨析，提出了自己的看法。
[Abstract]:This study focuses on the bilateral policy between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia and the defense system against Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty, and discusses the development and evolution of the relationship between the Ming and Mongolia. The main body is divided into two parts: the first part discusses the Ming Dynasty policy towards Mongolia and Mongolia's policy towards the Ming Dynasty. This paper is limited to the change of civil engineering and the limitation of we should pay tribute to it, which can be divided into three stages: the early Ming Dynasty, the middle Ming Dynasty and the late Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the policy towards Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty was discussed, including the policy of military attack and political inducement under the unified national strategy, the policy of defense in the north under the confrontation situation, the policy of resettlement attached to the Mongolians, the policy towards Mongolia in the Yongle period, which mainly talked about the policy of sealing tribute and exchanging markets and the adjustment of the defense system in the north. The policy of benevolence and publicity towards Mongolia is mainly to appease and defend, that is, on the one hand, to inherit the policy of Yongle to seal tribute to fetter JimMongolia, on the other hand, to further shrink the northern military line of defense and strengthen defense. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian policy of Ming Dynasty became more and more negative and conservative, and changed into a kind of policy of sticking to deal with it. The policy of Ming Dynasty towards Mongolia in the late Ming Dynasty includes two aspects: one is the policy of combining Gong City with war guards; the other is the policy of religious culture. While discussing the policy of Ming Dynasty towards Mongolia, the article also discusses Mongolia's policy towards Ming Dynasty in each period. In the early Ming Dynasty, the monarchs of the Northern Yuan Dynasty talked about the different attitudes and policies of Khan and the right minister towards the Ming Dynasty: after the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the monarch of the Northern Yuan Dynasty always adopted a hostile attitude with the Ming Dynasty, politically did not recognize the legal status of the Ming Dynasty, but still assumed itself as orthodox; from time to time, he went south to counter the Ming army. Mongolian aristocrats have a more flexible and pragmatic attitude than Khan. They bow down to the Ming Dynasty in order to seek survival and development. This is evident in the decline of sweating power. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Mongolia's policy against the Ming Dynasty included the policy of Yigong and plunder from first to Manchuru Khan; the policy of demanding equal exchanges with each other by virtue of his strong demand for equality after his succession; and the policy of peace and war after the rise of Khan. The policy in the late Ming Dynasty was mainly reflected in the fact that Mongolia also formulated its own legal system to seal tribute. In the Ming Dynasty's policy towards Mongolia, the most important and long-term policy is the defense policy, the direct product of this policy is the nine-sided defense system, so the second part studies the nine-sided defense system. First of all, it discusses the establishment of nine sides, examines and analyzes the process and time of the establishment of Jiubian towns, and points out that the establishment of border towns is closely related to the development of Ming and Mongolia relations; secondly, it discusses the official system of nine sides, which is divided into three parts: military attach 茅 s, inner courtiers and civil servants: the military attach 茅 s mainly talk about the system of "conscripts", which is headed by the chief military officers, including deputy general soldiers, guerrillas, guards, etc. The Nessen town guard system, including the town guard, the duty, the guard, the surveillance gun to the inner minister. Wen Chen mainly includes Governor, Patrol and military Readiness; finally, this paper discusses the nine-sided defense system, discusses the composition of the Great Wall fortification and its role in defending Mongolia, the construction process and its influence, and probes into and distinguishes the establishment and composition of the nine-sided army, the consumption composition of the military expenditure on the nine sides, and the way of supply, etc., and puts forward some views on the system and amount of the nine-side army, the consumption composition of the military expenditure on the nine sides, and the way of supply.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K248
本文编号：2507323
[Abstract]:This study focuses on the bilateral policy between the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia and the defense system against Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty, and discusses the development and evolution of the relationship between the Ming and Mongolia. The main body is divided into two parts: the first part discusses the Ming Dynasty policy towards Mongolia and Mongolia's policy towards the Ming Dynasty. This paper is limited to the change of civil engineering and the limitation of we should pay tribute to it, which can be divided into three stages: the early Ming Dynasty, the middle Ming Dynasty and the late Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the policy towards Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty was discussed, including the policy of military attack and political inducement under the unified national strategy, the policy of defense in the north under the confrontation situation, the policy of resettlement attached to the Mongolians, the policy towards Mongolia in the Yongle period, which mainly talked about the policy of sealing tribute and exchanging markets and the adjustment of the defense system in the north. The policy of benevolence and publicity towards Mongolia is mainly to appease and defend, that is, on the one hand, to inherit the policy of Yongle to seal tribute to fetter JimMongolia, on the other hand, to further shrink the northern military line of defense and strengthen defense. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian policy of Ming Dynasty became more and more negative and conservative, and changed into a kind of policy of sticking to deal with it. The policy of Ming Dynasty towards Mongolia in the late Ming Dynasty includes two aspects: one is the policy of combining Gong City with war guards; the other is the policy of religious culture. While discussing the policy of Ming Dynasty towards Mongolia, the article also discusses Mongolia's policy towards Ming Dynasty in each period. In the early Ming Dynasty, the monarchs of the Northern Yuan Dynasty talked about the different attitudes and policies of Khan and the right minister towards the Ming Dynasty: after the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the monarch of the Northern Yuan Dynasty always adopted a hostile attitude with the Ming Dynasty, politically did not recognize the legal status of the Ming Dynasty, but still assumed itself as orthodox; from time to time, he went south to counter the Ming army. Mongolian aristocrats have a more flexible and pragmatic attitude than Khan. They bow down to the Ming Dynasty in order to seek survival and development. This is evident in the decline of sweating power. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Mongolia's policy against the Ming Dynasty included the policy of Yigong and plunder from first to Manchuru Khan; the policy of demanding equal exchanges with each other by virtue of his strong demand for equality after his succession; and the policy of peace and war after the rise of Khan. The policy in the late Ming Dynasty was mainly reflected in the fact that Mongolia also formulated its own legal system to seal tribute. In the Ming Dynasty's policy towards Mongolia, the most important and long-term policy is the defense policy, the direct product of this policy is the nine-sided defense system, so the second part studies the nine-sided defense system. First of all, it discusses the establishment of nine sides, examines and analyzes the process and time of the establishment of Jiubian towns, and points out that the establishment of border towns is closely related to the development of Ming and Mongolia relations; secondly, it discusses the official system of nine sides, which is divided into three parts: military attach 茅 s, inner courtiers and civil servants: the military attach 茅 s mainly talk about the system of "conscripts", which is headed by the chief military officers, including deputy general soldiers, guerrillas, guards, etc. The Nessen town guard system, including the town guard, the duty, the guard, the surveillance gun to the inner minister. Wen Chen mainly includes Governor, Patrol and military Readiness; finally, this paper discusses the nine-sided defense system, discusses the composition of the Great Wall fortification and its role in defending Mongolia, the construction process and its influence, and probes into and distinguishes the establishment and composition of the nine-sided army, the consumption composition of the military expenditure on the nine sides, and the way of supply, etc., and puts forward some views on the system and amount of the nine-side army, the consumption composition of the military expenditure on the nine sides, and the way of supply.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K248
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前4条
1 孙建军;明代中期宣大地区军事防务研究[D];西北民族大学;2007年
2 韩蕾蕾;明代陆地边疆治边方略的论争研究[D];西南大学;2008年
3 吴晶晶;陕西高家堡古镇空间形态演进及其用地结构研究[D];西安建筑科技大学;2008年
4 姜爱红;明代蒙古南下“扰边”探析：1436～1464年[D];厦门大学;2007年
本文编号：2507323
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