熊希龄内阁“减政”研究

发布时间：2018-01-13 21:19

本文关键词：熊希龄内阁“减政”研究　出处：《华中师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：晚清以降,面对西方的压力,清政府仿照西方建立现代国家制度以图变革政治体制与政治结构。然而,却造成了“纸张天下”的政治积弊,冗员冗费大量产生。及至民国肇建,政府规模进一步扩大,呈现出臃肿态势,使得减政成为时人的普遍呼声。1913年9月,被誉为“第一流人才内阁”的熊希龄内阁组成,熊希龄、梁启超等人欲图刷新政治,有一番大作为。适逢财政困难,提出整顿财政的治标与治本之策,治本为整顿金融、改正税制、改良国库,是开源；治标则为减政,是节流。开源之策无法在短时间内解决财政难题,节流便成为最直接和最有效的方法,因此减政成为熊希龄内阁执行最力、时间最长的一项政策。减政提出后,可听到三种声音。一是赞成应和声,社会舆论多赞成减政,袁世凯、各省都督均表示赞成。各大报刊媒介也进行了大量宣传,扩大了减政的影响力。二是反对声,主要是低层职员因担忧被裁撤而反对。三是冷静的观察者,站在利益场外分析减政可行与否,并为减政提出建议。减政范围包括政权和军事两大系统,旨在裁减机构、裁汰冗员、裁减经费。在中央,总统府、实业部、司法部等部门表现最力,进行了较大规模的裁汰。在地方,各省情形不一,一些省份减政取得一定成效,如湖北、广东和福建省,但多数省份则敷衍塞责,弃之如履。军事系统方面,革命后军队大为扩张,以至民初军费开支成为财政支出的主要部分,因此裁军与缩减军费也成为减政的重要内容。综观此次减政,原本只是作为治标之策,却不料最后成为解决财政问题的主要手段。但取得的成效十分有限,所节约的部分经费对于艰窘的财政也不过杯水车薪。减政源于财政困难,而财政困难则因制度积弊,积弊不清除,减政反而越减越繁,与当政者所愿相背道。减政本是一项牵涉全国各机关部门的巨大工程,该经过周密计划,长期循序渐进的推行。而民初的迫切局势使得减政有先天不足后天失调的特征,致使矛盾在短时间内急剧爆发,将减政淹没在敷衍塞责的洪流中。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, in the face of western pressure, the Qing government set up a modern national system to reform the political system and political structure. However, it caused the "paper world" of the political legacy. When the Republic of China was established, the scale of the government was further expanded, showing a situation of bloated, so that the reduction of government became a popular voice of the people. September 1913. Xiong Xiling cabinet, known as the "first-class talent cabinet," Xiong Xiling, Liang Qichao and other people want to refresh politics, have a great deal of work. In order to rectify the financial system, correct the tax system and improve the treasury, it is an open source of revenue. The policy of increasing revenue cannot solve the financial problems in a short period of time, and cutting expenditure becomes the most direct and effective method. Therefore, the policy reduction has become the most effective way for Xiong Xiling's cabinet to carry out the policy reduction. After the policy reduction was proposed, three kinds of voices could be heard. First, the public opinion was in favour of the policy reduction, and Yuan Shikai was in favor of it. The provincial governors are all in favour. The major newspapers and media have also carried out a lot of propaganda, which has expanded the influence of the reduction. The second is the opposition, mainly because of the fear of being abolished by low-level staff, and the third is the calm observer. Standing on the sidelines of interests to analyze the feasibility of reducing government, and to make recommendations for the reduction of government. The scope of reduction includes two major systems of power and military, aimed at reducing institutions, eliminating redundant personnel, and cutting expenses. In the Central Committee, the Presidential Palace, and the Ministry of Industry. The Ministry of Justice and other departments have done the best, and have carried out large-scale retrenchment. At the local level, the situation in each province is different, and some provinces have achieved certain results in reducing government policies, such as Hubei, Guangdong and Fujian Province, but most provinces have been perfunctory. In the military system, the army expanded so much after the revolution that military expenditure became a major part of financial expenditure in the early days of the Republic of China, so that disarmament and military spending reduction also became an important part of the reduction of government affairs. Originally used as a palliative measure, but it turned out to be the main means of solving fiscal problems, but the results have been very limited. Some of the savings in the financial resources for difficult but also inadequate. The reduction of government is due to financial difficulties, and the financial difficulties because of the system, the accumulated disadvantages will not be eliminated, but the reduction of government is more and more complicated. Contrary to the wishes of those in power, the reduction of government was a huge project involving all the departments of the country and should have been carefully planned. The urgent situation at the beginning of the Republic of China made the reduction of government have the characteristics of natural deficiency and acquired imbalance, which caused the contradiction to break out in a short period of time, and the political reduction was submerged in the torrent of perfunctory responsibility.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K258

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