战争与医疗：日本在华同仁会研究（1937-1945）

发布时间：2018-01-15 18:12

本文关键词：战争与医疗：日本在华同仁会研究（1937-1945）　出处：《南京大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：明治维新以后,日本政府对外殖民野心不断膨胀,医学界也积极参与到对外、特别是对华的活动中。1902年,日本财团法人同仁会在东京成立,公开的目标是向中国、朝鲜等东亚国家传播先进的医学知识并改善其医疗卫生状况,计划在各国设医院、建医学校、派遣医药学专业人员。同仁会从成立至1937年七七事变爆发,其在华活动分为三个阶段：1902至1912年的十年间,为同仁会草创期,该会派出的医疗人员分散在中国各地,并在东北地区开设安东、营口两所医院;1912至1925年,同仁会将东北的医疗机构移交给满铁,全力转向中国内地,建设了北京与汉口两所医院,面向中日民众提供服务;1925至1937年,同仁会接管青岛和济南的医院。此间,以北京、汉口、青岛、济南四所医院为立足点,开展巡回诊疗、医学调查、医疗教育、医学出版等活动。1937年,日本侵华战争爆发,同仁会的在华活动,迅速由平时的医学交流转为战时“医疗救护”。在外务省指导下,同仁会派遣诊疗班到华北、华中等日占区,配合当地日军向中国民众施行免费及低价医疗活动。在诊疗同时,同仁会还开展大规模的防疫活动,从设立防疫部到建成防疫处,逐步完成了在华防疫体系。同仁会的防疫活动涉及检疫接种、调查研究、药剂制作、防疫宣讲、教育培训等多个方面,全面主导和控制了日军占领区的防疫工作。日本侵华期间,同仁会除开展诊疗和防疫两大“事业”外,还致力于医学教育、研究及出版工作。其医学教育又分为诊疗班附属医护教育和医科学校教育,后者包括青岛东亚医科学院和上海同仁大学医学院两所专门学校。研究活动最初由防疫机关兼顾,但卫生研究所设立后,医学研究从防疫体系中独立出来,与防疫机关并行合作开展活动。出版方面,同仁会的中文杂志在战争开始后很快被废止,日文杂志则稍作改革,较战前更加专注于刊载对中国的医学研究成果。同仁会战时在华活动有着鲜明的阶段性与地域性。同仁会的发展以日本官方主管机构的变更为标志,从接受外务省文化事业部的管辖和补助,转由兴亚院及其现地机构管理,最终归于大东亚省统筹规划,同仁会在管理的统合下由松散走向有序,并逐步系统化、规模化。同仁会的地域性特征表现在,它先设华北、华中支部,后向南北双向扩张,成立蒙疆支部和海南岛支部,通过各支部来分区统理人员调配、工作安排等;同时,同仁会立足于城市,向农村扩展,并根据城乡的不同特征分别采取医院经营和巡回诊疗两类不同活动形式。同仁会战时在中国的医疗活动并不是孤立的,它与所在地的日本占领军、日本社会团体、伪政府机关等各方势力都有密切联系。战争初始,日军直接“托管”同仁会,指导同仁会开展宣抚工作。同仁会脱离日军“托管”后,则在日军特务机关的监督下,接管欧美系医院,抢掠占领地的医疗资源;上海自然科学研究所等日本在华团体也与同仁会积极合作,“共谋发展”;伪政府则通过日本官方机构与同仁会达成开设医院、进行医疗调查等方面的协作。日本侵华战争期间,同仁会帮助日本政府在占领区实行“殖民医学”探索,它与博爱会、善邻协会、满铁卫生医疗设施等共同组成了日本在华医疗控制网络,全面深入中国社会。在日本侵华的大背景之下,同仁会以传播先进医学为名,行垄断、抢掠医疗资源之实,严重侵害了中国的医疗行政主权及中国民众的利益。
[Abstract]:After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government's foreign colonial ambition continues to expand, the medical profession is also actively involved in international activities in China, especially in.1902, Japan Tongren consortium Corporation was founded in Tokyo, the goal is to open China, North Korea and other East Asian countries to spread advanced medical knowledge and improve their health status, plan design the hospital in the world, built medical school to send medicine professionals. Erupt from inception to 1937 77 incident Tongren, its activities in China is divided into three stages: from 1902 to 1912 of ten years, for people starting period, this will send medical personnel scattered in Chinese around, and the creation of Anton in the northeast. The two hospital in Yingkou; from 1912 to 1925, people will be transferred to medical institutions in Northeast Mantetsu, turned to full Chinese mainland, the construction of the Beijing and Hankou two hospitals in Japan, for people to provide services; 1925 to 1937 In 2008, Qingdao and Ji'nan will take over the Tongren Hospital. Here, in Beijing, Hankou, Qingdao, Ji'nan four hospitals as the starting point, carry out tour clinics, medical research, medical education, medical publishing activities such as.1937, the Japanese invasion of the outbreak of the war, people's activities in China, quickly from the usual medical exchange transfer in "medical". Under the guidance of my colleagues in the Ministry of foreign affairs, will send medical classes to the north, central and other Japanese occupied areas, with the local people to the Japanese Chinese implementation of free and low-cost medical activities in the treatment. At the same time, my colleagues will also carry out large-scale epidemic prevention activities, from the establishment of the Department of defense to completion of quarantine, and gradually completed in China the epidemic prevention system. Tongren prevention activities involved in quarantine inoculation, investigation, drug production, epidemic prevention propaganda, many aspects of education and training, leadership and control of the overall Japanese occupation area of prevention work. During the Japanese invasion of china, My colleagues will carry out medical and epidemic prevention except two "career", is also committed to medical education, research and publishing. The medical education is divided into school education and medical school affiliated medical education, which includes two special school of Qingdao Medical College and East Shanghai Tongren University School of medicine. The initial consideration by the epidemic prevention research activities but the establishment of the authority of health, medical research independence from epidemic prevention system in out cooperation activities in parallel with the epidemic prevention organs. Publication of the magazine, Tongren will Chinese soon after the war began to be abolished, the reform of Japanese magazine is slightly more before the war to focus more on medical research on Chinese published results. Tongren will the wartime activities in China have a stage and distinct regional development. Tongren in Japan will change as a sign of official authority, from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Ministry of culture and Help, by local institutions and Xingya hospital management, and ultimately to overall planning of East Asia, Tongren in management integration from loose to orderly, and gradually systematic scale. Regional characteristics of Tongren will performance in the first set, North China, central China branch, South North two-way expansion, establishment of Mongolia Xinjiang branch and Hainan Island branch, through each branch to partition the unified management of personnel, work arrangements; at the same time, my colleagues will be based on the city, to the rural extension, and according to the different characteristics of urban and rural areas were taken hospital operation and diagnosis and treatment of two different types of tour activities. People in wartime Chinese medical activities and are not isolated. And it is the Japanese occupation, the Japanese puppet government organs and other social groups, the parties power is closely related to the start of the war, the Japanese directly managed Tongren Tongren guidance, will carry out the work from Tongren Xuan Fu. The Japanese "managed", in the supervision of the Japanese spy agencies, over Europe and the United States Department of the hospital, and occupied medical resources; Shanghai Institute of natural sciences in China and other Japanese groups also will actively cooperate with colleagues, "common development"; the puppet government will reach Japan by official institutions opened the hospital and Tongren, were cooperative medical care and other aspects of the investigation. During the Japanese invasion of China, my colleagues will help the Japanese government implemented the "colonial medicine" exploration in the occupied area, it will be good and love, Mantetsu Association, health care facilities and other common components of Japan in China Medical control network, comprehensive and in-depth China society. Under the background of Japan's invasion of China, Tongren with the spread of advanced medical name for the monopoly, looting of medical resources, a serious violation of the sovereignty and Chinese Chinese medical administrative public interests.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K265

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