道光时期两江总督与地方治理研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 04:04

本文关键词： 道光时期两江总督两江地区地方治理　出处：《云南师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：清朝两江地区主要指江苏、安徽和江西三省,是“《禹贡》扬及徐、豫三州之域。”其地势形势险要,幅员辽阔,且人口众多,财富“甲天下”,是清廷重要的战略及财赋要地。因此清政府极为重视,在顺治时期就在此地设置总督统辖三省“文武军民”,后经不断调整和完善终成定制。两江总督的职权也随着时代的变迁而不断地扩大,除了总督一般性的职权外还享有保境安民、兼管漕务、河务、盐政,兼任南洋通商大臣等重大职权。道光时期,由于统治阶级腐朽日久,吏治、漕务、河工、盐政等积久弊政十分突出,且因处于灾荒群发期,水灾、旱灾、雹灾等天灾祸患交替发生,其间三十年,从未间断,农民备受腐朽政府的重重压迫和天灾祸患接连打击,最终不堪忍受,纷纷揭竿而起,道光末年更是爆发了更大规模的的起义风暴——太平天国运动;在外部则有西方资本主义势力的觊觎,更是直接受到其武装侵略——鸦片战争。自此,中国社会逐渐开始沦为半殖民地半封建的社会,中国人民备受本国封建主义和外国殖民主义的双重压迫。在内忧外患、乱象频仍的转折时期,两江地区的状况也很是糟糕,因为该地区是清朝的重要财赋之区,承担着全国半数以上的漕粮、盐课,又因其地包络江淮、控引河海,境内又密布江河湖汊的地理形势,两江地区又是国家河工治理的重点,漕务、盐政、河工三大政弊端十分突出;而由三大政弊端和吏治腐败引起的社会变乱和灾害也层层叠出。面对两江地区如此糟糕的情势,作为被道光皇帝所倚重,享有重大职权、统率地方的封疆大吏——两江总督,大多也都能实心任事,在吏治日益败坏的时局中,在其或长或短的总督任职期限内,实心实力的主持地方政务,推行中央的各项政策法令,力所能及的整顿或改革时局积弊,在绥靖地方、赈灾救民、发展文化教育、抗击殖民主义侵略以及整顿吏治、漕务、河务、盐政等积久弊政等方面,努力来维护统治者的长久统治和社会安定。
[Abstract]:The two rivers of Qing Dynasty mainly refer to three provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi. They are "Yugong" and "Xu" and "three states of Henan." its terrain situation is dangerous, vast territory, and large population, wealth "the world first." Therefore, the Qing government attached great importance to the establishment of the Governor in the Shunzhi period of the three provinces under the jurisdiction of the "civil and military people." The powers and powers of the Governor of the two Rivers also expanded with the changes of the times. Besides the general functions and powers of the Governor, he also enjoyed the protection of the territory and the people, as well as the management of the canal, river affairs, and salt administration. Daoguang period, due to the long decadent ruling class, official administration, Caowu, river work, salt administration and other long-standing malpractices are very prominent, and is in the famine period, floods, drought. Hail and other natural disasters occurred alternately, during which 30 years, the farmers suffered from the heavy oppression of decadent government and the scourge of natural disasters hit one after another, finally unbearable, one after another rose up. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, a larger uprising storm, broke out at the end of Daoguang. Outside, the Western capitalist forces coveted, and were directly invaded by its armed aggression-the Opium War. Since then, the Chinese society has gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Chinese people were oppressed by both feudalism and foreign colonialism. In the turning point of internal and external troubles and frequent chaos, the situation of the two rivers was also very bad, because it was an important region of the Qing Dynasty. Undertake more than half of the national grain, salt class, and because of its coverage of Jianghuai, control of rivers and seas, the territory of the river and lake branches of the geographical situation, the Liangjiang region is the focus of national river engineering management, Caohe, salt administration. The disadvantages of the three major policies of river engineering are very prominent; And the social disorder and disaster caused by the three political malpractices and the corruption of the officials are also stacked up. Facing such a bad situation in the Liangjiang area, the emperor of Daoguang is relying on it and enjoys great powers and powers. At the same time, most of the governors of the two Rivers could serve in good faith. In the times of increasingly corrupt officials, they presided over the local government affairs with solid strength during their long or short term of office as governor. Carry out various policies and decrees of the central government, rectify or reform the situation as long as possible, in appeasement areas, relieve the disaster, save the people, develop culture and education, resist colonial aggression and rectify the administration of officials, administration, and river affairs. Salt politics and other long-term malpractices, efforts to maintain the ruler's long-term rule and social stability.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K252

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