中央气象局《天气旬报》研究（1942-1947）

发布时间：2018-02-27 00:38

本文关键词： 中央气象局《天气旬报》气象　出处：《重庆师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国的气象研究具有悠久的历史,历代封建王朝设立的观测机构留下了丰富的气象知识和资料,随着西方资本主义的发展,西方的传教士首先来到中国,以传教、传播西方文化、科技等友好方式为主进行交流。鸦片战争后,西方侵略者陆续来到中国,侵略的同时亦插手中国的内政,由西方侵略者主导的中国近代气象事业由此开始。西方侵略者在中国设立各种气象机构,辛亥革命后,中华民国的成立使得一部分进步人士进入国家管理阶层,气象事业得到他们的重视,人才的培养和机构的建设都提上日程,但受军阀割据混战的影响,气象事业发展缓慢且杂乱无章,这一时期仍有部分帝国主义插手中国的气象事业。南京国民政府成立后,建立全国性的气象主管部门的条件成熟,众多气象学家亦纷纷响应,但依旧没有受到政府的重视。九一八事变后,时局更加不稳,气象工作者更加有心无力。1937年七七事变,抗日战争全面爆发,气象机构大多也随着南京国民政府迁往重庆,随着战局的稳定和气象对战争的重要性的突出,统一规划、管理全国气象事业的行政机关——中央气象局成立。中央气象局成立后不久,即发行《全国天气旬报》,简称《天气旬报》,受战争环境影响,《天气旬报》以服务军事为主,其他部门获取《天气旬报》有严格的规定。《天气旬报》中涉及到的测候城市数量分为5个发展阶段。其中第二阶段和第四阶段受战争影响测候城市数量有所减少,其他时期皆为缓慢发展状态。《天气旬报》对雾天、霾、沙尘等特殊天气的统计是其最大特点,其中对雾天的统计又和当时的重庆大轰炸有所关联。《天气旬报》亦存在分布范围小、测候城市分布不均衡、个别城市持续性差、结构较为单一等不足。《天气旬报》的创刊和重庆大轰炸进入零星轰炸阶段时间相近,重庆多雾的天气决定了战争双方对天气都尤为重视。重庆大轰炸前期,日机数量多,明显占据优势,而重庆的防空力量才刚刚开始部署,在这一时期,日机利用晴天方便观察对重庆及周边地区进行了惨无人道的战略性轰炸。太平洋战争爆发后,日军空军力量被调往太平洋战场,对重庆的轰炸大大减少,进入零星轰炸阶段,此时的重庆防空力量得到加强,同时又得益于盟军支援战机和训练飞行员,实力有所加强,这一时期日军对重庆的轰炸时间进行了调整,利用雾天掩护日机轰炸。《天气旬报》在大后方建设中也起到了一定的作用。
[Abstract]:The meteorological research in China has a long history. The observation institutions set up by the feudal dynasties have left behind abundant meteorological knowledge and materials. With the development of western capitalism, Western missionaries first came to China to preach. After the Opium War, Western invaders came to China one after another, and at the same time they also intervened in China's internal affairs. The western invaders set up various meteorological institutions in China. After the Revolution of 1911, the founding of the Republic of China enabled some progressive people to enter the state administration. The meteorological cause has received their attention. The training of talents and the building of institutions are on the agenda. However, influenced by the melee of warlords, the meteorological cause develops slowly and in a chaotic way. During this period, some imperialists still intervened in China's meteorological undertakings. After the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, the conditions for establishing national meteorological departments were ripe, and many meteorologists responded one after another. After the 918 incident, the situation became more unstable and the meteorological workers were even more powerless. In 1937, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in an all-round way, and most of the meteorological organizations moved to Chongqing with the Nanjing National Government. With the stability of the war situation and the outstanding importance of meteorology to the war, the Central Meteorological Bureau, the administrative organ for unified planning and management of national meteorological undertakings, was set up. Shortly after the establishment of the Central Meteorological Bureau, That is, to issue the "National Weather report in Ten days," or "Weather report in Ten days," which is influenced by the war environment, and the "Weather Ten days report" is mainly devoted to serving the military. The number of weather cities involved in the report is divided into five stages of development. The number of war-affected cities has decreased in the second and 4th phases. Other periods are slow development. Statistics on special weather conditions, such as smog, haze, dust and so on, are its biggest characteristics. The statistics on foggy days are also related to the heavy bombing in Chongqing at that time. The "Weather report" also has a small distribution range, the distribution of weather cities is uneven, and the persistence of individual cities is poor. The structure is relatively simple and so on. The time between the founding of the Weatherday News and the sporadic bombing phase of the Chongqing bombing is close. The foggy weather in Chongqing determines that both sides of the war attach particular importance to the weather. In the early days of the large-scale bombing in Chongqing, there were a large number of Japanese planes. Clear dominance, and Chongqing's air defense forces are only just beginning to deploy. During this period, Japanese planes used sunny days to observe the inhuman and strategic bombing of Chongqing and its surrounding areas. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, When the Japanese air force was redeployed to the Pacific battlefield, the bombing of Chongqing was greatly reduced, and it entered the stage of sporadic bombing. At this time, the air defense forces in Chongqing were strengthened, and at the same time, thanks to the Allied support fighters and the training of pilots, their strength was strengthened. During this period, the Japanese army adjusted the bombing time of Chongqing and used the foggy days to cover the bombing. The Weatherday newspaper also played a certain role in the construction of the rear area.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K26

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