抗日战争时期的民间外交研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 10:53

本文选题：抗战时期　切入点：民间外交　出处：《苏州大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 中国民间外交源自于近代国民思想的兴起与民族国家观念的更新,既是“外邦逼之、异种残之”的产物,又是“西学东渐”的结果。它伴随着西方人民主权思想在中国的传播于清末输入中国,至今已经走过了一个多世纪的历程。在不同的历史时期,民间外交以其灵活多样的形式和独特的风格,发挥着政府外交不可替代的作用。从清末到民初,我国民间外交走过了艰难曲折的历程。“九·一八事变”后,国民政府外交受挫,促进了民间外交的复兴,为全面抗战爆发后民间外交的发展奠定了基础。全面抗战爆发后,中日两国的力量对比悬殊,迫使中国政府必须积极争取外国的同情与援助。国际形势的恶化以及国民政府官方外交的困难重重,使得民间外交成为抗战时期重要的外交形式,促使了抗战时期民间外交高潮的到来。抗日战争时期,为了联合一切可以团结的力量反对日本帝国主义,争取各国人民对中国人民抗战事业的支持,我国各界纷纷开展灵活多样的民间外交活动。中国的抗日外交呈现出举国一致、官民互动、相辅相成之局面,全国各界上下齐心、奋力争取国际社会援华制日,民间外交成为当时中国外交的重要组成部分。抗战爆发后中共所处的国内外环境发生了重大变化,从而形成其开展民间外交活动的有利条件。中共积极调整其外交策略,以适应战时外交之需,并对民间外交的开展作出具体指示。战时中共开展了灵活多样的民间外交活动,主要表现为与国际友人、国际组织、国外新闻界以及美国政府等的交往。作为中共民间外交前沿的长江局与武汉八路军办事处、南方局与重庆八路军办事处和中共民间外交窗口的延安,也在中共民间外交活动中发挥了重要作用。战时中共民间外交虽困难重重,但对中共扩大对外交往、逐步走上国际舞台起到积极作用。抗战爆发后,国民政府面对战时政府外交的艰难,改变了其外交策略,采用官方斡旋与民间外交双管齐下的办法。一方面,利用舆论宣传的力量,积极开展民间外交；另一方面,派遣以宋美龄为代表的高层人物以私人身份访美,积极从事外交斡旋。此外,还利用中国国民外交协会等半官方社团积极从事民间外交活动。国民政府的民间外交活动,是对官方外交的重要补充,有力地配合了国民政府官方外交的开展,争取了国际社会对中国抗战事业的同情与支持。在国际形势对中国极为不利的情况下,中国的社会名流充分发挥名人效应,利用自己手中的人脉资源和在国际社会的影响力,广泛开展民间外交。以宋庆龄、陶行知、张彭春等为代表的社会名流纷纷走出国门,向世界宣传中国的抗战主张,吁请各国政府和民众共同抵制法西斯的侵略,体现了社会精英对国家和民族的高度责任感,为抗日战争的胜利做出了重要贡献。以侨界、红十字会、宗教界等为代表的民间团体在政府外交受挫的时候,根据自身特点发挥团体优势,在海外开展主题鲜明的民间外交活动,取得了巨大的成绩,成为帮助政府争取海外援助和支持的重要力量。抗日战争时期的民间外交活动是近代中国社会外交民主化的重要组成部分,也是近代中国政治民主化的重要标志,它不仅有力地弥补了官方外交的不足,为祖国的抗战争取了大量的援助,同时还加深了各国人民对中国的了解,提高了中国的国际地位和国际声望。进入新世纪,随着中国对外关系的全面发展,民间外交的作用愈益凸显。作为我国整体外交不可或缺的重要组成部分,民间外交必将呈现空前活跃、多彩纷呈的崭新局面。
[Abstract]:The rise of civil diplomacy from China modern national thought and the concept of nation renewal, is a strange force, the product of dissimilar residues of the ", and" Western learning ". It is accompanied by the spread of Western thought in the sovereignty of the people China input China in the late Qing Dynasty, and this has gone through more than a century in different historical periods, folk diplomacy with its flexible and diverse forms and unique style, plays an irreplaceable role of government diplomacy.
From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, China's civil diplomacy through the arduous and tortuous course. The "September 18 Incident", the national government promoted the revival of diplomatic setbacks, folk diplomacy, laid the foundation for the full development of Civil Diplomacy after the outbreak of war. After the Anti Japanese War broke out in two days in power between the gap, the government must force the Chinese actively seek sympathy and assistance of foreign countries. The deterioration of the international situation and the national government official diplomatic difficulties, the folk diplomacy has become an important form of diplomacy during the Anti Japanese War, the arrival of the high tide of civil diplomacy during the period of Anti Japanese war.
During the Anti Japanese War, in order to unite all forces against Japanese imperialism, for the people of all countries to support the cause of war China people, all walks of life in China have carried out various forms of civil diplomacy. China Japanese diplomacy has shown nationally, public-private interaction, complementary situation, all work with concerted efforts, strive for international social aiding China, folk diplomacy has become an important part of China diplomacy at that time.
Great changes have taken place in China after the outbreak of the war at home and abroad environment, thus forming the favorable conditions to carry out civil diplomatic activities. The CPC actively adjust its diplomatic strategy to wartime diplomacy, and to carry out public diplomacy to make specific instructions. CCP carried out various forms of civil diplomacy, mainly for international and international friends, foreign organizations, media and communication etc.. As the government of the United States Civil Diplomacy front Bureau of the Yangtze River and Wuhan Eight Route Army Office, the South Bureau and the Chongqing Office of the Eight Route Army and the Communist Party of China civil diplomacy window of Yanan, but also played an important role in Chinese folk diplomacy. Although the Communist Party of China foreign civil war but the difficulties of the Communist Party of China to expand foreign exchanges, gradually embarked on the international stage play a positive role.
After the outbreak of war, the national government in wartime government diplomacy difficult, changed its diplomatic strategy, the official mediation and civil diplomacy two pronged approach. On the one hand, the use of propaganda strength, actively carry out public diplomacy; on the other hand, sending senior figures represented by Song Meiling made a personal visit to the United States, actively engaged in diplomacy. In addition, the China National Diplomacy Association semi official association actively engaged in folk diplomacy. Folk diplomatic activities of the national government, is an important supplement to official diplomacy, strong support to the national government official diplomacy, for sympathy and support from the international community to China the cause of war.
In the international situation of Chinese extremely adverse circumstances, Chinese celebrities give full play to the celebrity, used his network of resources and influence in the international community, to carry out a wide range of folk diplomacy. With Song Qingling, Tao Xingzhi, Zhang Peng spring as the representative of the celebrities have to go abroad, to the World War China propaganda claims. Calls upon the government and people of all countries to resist the fascist aggression, embodies the social elite of responsibility to the country and the nation's sense, has made an important contribution to the victory of the war.
The overseas Chinese, the Red Cross, as the representative of the folk religious groups in government diplomatic setbacks, according to their own characteristics play group advantage, carry out civil diplomacy theme in the overseas, has made great achievements, as for overseas aid and help the government to support an important force.
Civil Diplomacy during the period of Anti Japanese war is an important part of modern society China diplomatic democratization, and is also an important symbol of modern China political democratization, it not only effectively compensate for the lack of official diplomacy, take a great amount of aid for the motherland's anti war, but also deepened the understanding among peoples of the Chinese, improve Chinese's international status and international prestige. In the new century, along with the comprehensive development of Chinese foreign relations, the function of civil diplomacy increasingly prominent. As an important part of China's overall diplomacy, civil diplomacy will present new situation unprecedented active, colorful scene.

【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K265

【引证文献】