抗战时期江西的难民垦殖

发布时间：2018-03-14 11:36

本文选题：难民　切入点：难民救济　出处：《华中师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：难民是战时中国大地上一道伤感的风景线,国民政府转变自古以来的救济思想,视难民为抗战力量的一部分,积极加以组织和训练。另外,为了从根本上救济难民,提出了寓救济于生产的口号,采取了举办难民工厂、难民垦殖、小本借贷、工艺培训所等许多积极救济行为。我国西南大后方荒地非常广袤,难民当中又有许多农民参杂其中。开展难民垦殖,既有利于开发荒地,又有利于救济难民,所以成为抗战时期舆论普遍支持的一种救济措施,在许多省份开展了难民垦殖运动。江西由于国共十年的对峙,境内荒地资源丰富,劳动力少。抗战初期沿海省份的快速沦陷,使得大量难民向后方迁移。江西在地理位置上处于西南大后方的最前线,成为了难民往大后方迁移的中转站。上百万难民的到来为江西带来了大量劳动力,江西积极调查荒地,划分地权,选收难民,开办垦场。然而,难民垦殖存在着其复杂性,战局的变化使难民心理不稳,使有些难民不敢做长久停留的打算,选收的时候往往很难选到合格的垦民；划分垦地时,为了方便快速地救济难民,在处理地权的时候多采取强制措施,把认为是荒地的地权收归政府所有,分配给难民垦种,垦民具有永久使用权,这给日后垦民与当地民众之间发生矛盾埋下了隐忧；为了严密对垦民的监督管理,把垦民编入当地保甲,垦民与当地民众由于有切身的利益之争,导致多发生当地保甲欺压垦民的案件；垦务处成立后,提供给垦民的是享受五年免服兵役与缴纳赋税的优惠政策,五年过后,战争仍然没有结束,垦民的生活也没有得到太大的改善,优惠政策的到期使得大量垦民无法继续维持生活,只能选择退垦。难民垦殖当中存在的困难和问题,某种程度上反映了战时国民政府社会救济行政存在的一些不足。主要是三方面的问题：组织、经费、人才。制度建构上的缺陷,加上自然灾害和物价飞涨的影响,难民垦殖既取得了寓救济于生产的成效,却又无法救济更多的难民,其内在存在的各种问题,值得后人深省。
[Abstract]:Refugees were a sad scene on China's land during the war. The National Government changed its relief thinking since ancient times and regarded refugees as a part of the forces of resistance and actively organized and trained them. In addition, in order to help the refugees fundamentally, The slogan of combining relief with production is put forward, and many positive relief actions such as organizing refugee factories, resettlement and cultivation of refugees, small loans and technical training institutes are adopted. The wasteland in the southwest of China is very vast, and many of the refugees are involved in it. The development of refugee reclamation is not only conducive to the development of wasteland but also to the relief of refugees, so it has become a relief measure generally supported by public opinion during the War of Resistance against Japan. Refugee resettlement campaigns were carried out in many provinces. Due to the confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China for ten years, the wasteland in Jiangxi is rich in resources and labor force is few. The rapid fall of coastal provinces in the early period of the War of Resistance against Japan made a large number of refugees move to the rear. Jiangxi is geographically at the front line in the southwest rear area. The arrival of millions of refugees brought a large number of labor force to Jiangxi, which actively investigated wasteland, divided land rights, selected refugees and opened reclamation farms. However, refugee resettlement has its own complexity. The changes in the situation of war have made the refugees mentally unstable and some refugees dare not plan to stay for a long time. It is often difficult to select qualified reclamation people at the time of selection of income; when reclaimed land is divided, In order to facilitate the rapid relief of the refugees, more coercive measures were taken when dealing with land rights, so that the land rights considered to be wasteland were taken into the government's possession and distributed to the refugees for cultivation, so that the reclamation people would have the permanent right to use them. In order to strictly supervise and manage the reclamation people, they were incorporated into the local defense system, and the reclamation people and the local people had an immediate interest in the struggle for their own interests. This led to the occurrence of cases in which the local armed forces oppressed the people. After the establishment of the Reclamation Office, the reclamation office provided the reclamation people with a preferential policy of five years' exemption from military service and payment of taxes. Five years later, the war was still not over. The life of reclamation people has not been greatly improved, the expiration of preferential policies make a large number of reclamation people can not continue to maintain their livelihood, can only choose reclamation. The difficulties and problems in refugee resettlement to some extent reflect the deficiencies in the administration of social relief in the wartime national government. They are mainly threefold problems: organization, funds, talents, defects in the construction of the system. Combined with the impact of natural disasters and soaring prices, refugee reclamation has not only achieved relief in production, but also can not help more refugees, its inherent problems are worthy of deep reflection.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K265

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