南京国民政府时期湖北省干部训练研究（1939-1949）

发布时间：2018-03-14 12:18

本文选题：南京国民政府　切入点：湖北省　出处：《华中师范大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：孙中山创立三民主义、五权宪法,并把革命步骤分为军政、训政、宪政三个阶段,以训政作为过渡,承上启下,可说是革命程序的重点和轴心所系。蒋介石向来以继承孙中山的衣钵自命,特别重视训练部属。前后有黄埔训练、庐山训练、珞珈山训练、峨嵋山训练及复兴关训练(即中央训练团)。在加强中央干部训练的同时,从1939年开始,各省也开始了大规模的基层干部训练工作。干部训练成为国民党加强党治和基层政权建设的重要路径。本文系以湖北省干部训练工作为研究的主体,时间断限以1939年湖北省干训团于战时省会恩施正式成立的时间为起点,至1949年停办为止。国民党的干部训练萌芽于兴中会时期。20世纪20年代在“以俄为师”的背景下,开启了干部训练的新时期,建立了黄埔军校等干部训练机构。30年代后期,在抗日战争爆发和新县制实施的背景下,南京国民政府为了加强国统区地方政权建设,改变干部素质窳败的问题,开始了省一级的大规模的干部训练工作。湖北省于1939年成立干训团,其上承国民党中央训练委员会和国民政府内政部指导,分为省、区、县三级训练,在训练机关内部,实施严格的人事管理,但实际上施训者的群体表现并不理想。受训学员几乎涵盖了除民众以外所有的人员,其中以县和乡镇保甲各级干部为主体,至40年代末,受训学员并且扩大至行政督察区专员。招调学员有一定的程序,学员入学后进行编组,以便更好的施训。研究发现,学员的背景堪忧,出身不一,年龄互异,影响训练的实施。湖北省干部训练的内容主要分为三个方面：专业素质的培养,以与新县制相关的各种专业知识为主；精神及政治教育,这是训练的核心内容,以孙中山的三民主义、国民党的建国理论为主,后则又加上蒋介石的讲话和理论；军事训练与管理,军事训练是干部培训的重要方面,体现出干部培训中“军事化”的特点。总的来说,干部训练的核心是塑造“德才兼备”的党国干部。湖北干部训练还包括训后管理与监督。学员毕业后,调训人员回到原职,但有可能被解职；考训人员毕业后,由于接收机关的消极应付,面临失业的风险。正由于当时人事制度的不彰,也使训练工作的效果受到不良影响。施训机关和湖北省政府人事处注重毕业学员的联络事宜,强调学员与省政府人事处的通讯工作,这也是当局了解地方政情的重要渠道。湖北省干部训练的财源紧张,尤其是县级训练机关财源难以维持,甚至靠学员“公粮”度日。而且训练机关内部腐败不堪,严重侵蚀了训练工作的观感和运作。虽然国民党中央十分重视各省干部培训,虽然湖北省也制订了相关规章制度,但总体来看,训练的成效不佳,并没有达到国民党及政府预定的目标,而且在训练过程中及训后,形成了错综复杂的派系。除内部原因外,当时的军事情势、经济崩溃和腐恶的社会环境等,都影响到训练的成效,使训练难以为继,效果不彰。南京国民政府时期的干部训练,是加强党国体制的需要,同时也是国家政权下移的产物。新县制的实施巩固了县级机关的科层化,开启了乡镇体制的正规化、官僚化,及保甲体制的半正规化、半官僚化,这种正规化和官僚化是传统和现代交织的结果。体制改革需要人事的补充,因此,干部训练正是为了是塑造新的党国干部,以支持政权建设。由于国民党政权的脆弱性,干部训练的过程中,现代化、党国化、军事化相互纠结,使其没有达到预想的效果。以史为鉴,可以知得失,国民党的干部训练对今天的干部培训具有重大的启示意义。
[Abstract]:Sun Zhongshan founded the three people's principles, the five power constitution and the revolution steps into the military, political tutelage, constitutionalism in three stages, with the political tutelage as a transition, it is the key link, and the axis of revolution program department. Jiang Jieshi has always been to inherit the mantle of Sun Zhongshan himself, special attention to training subordinates. Before and after training in Whampoa, Mount Lu Luojiashan training, training, training and training off the revival of Emei Mountain (Central Training Corps). To strengthen the training of cadres at the same time, from the beginning of 1939, the provinces also began a large-scale grass-roots cadres training cadres training work. As the important path and strengthen the party construction of the local government.
Taking Hubei province cadre training work as the research subject, time limit in 1939 Hubei province cadre training regiment in wartime capital of Enshi was formally established in the time as a starting point, and ceased in 1949.
The cadre training originated in the early period of.20 century in 20s in Russia under the background of opening a new era of cadres training, the establishment of the Whampoa military academy and other institutions for training cadres in the late.30, during the Anti Japanese war broke out and Xinxian County was implemented in the context of the Nanjing National government in order to strengthen the construction of the local government. Change the quality of cadres covers problems, to the provincial level large-scale cadre training work.
The cadre training group was founded in 1939 in Hubei Province, the KMT Central Committee on the national government and the Ministry of the interior training guide, divided into provinces, District, county level three training, training in internal organs, the implementation of personnel management strictly, but in fact after the group performance is not ideal. The trainees covers almost all the people in staff, with the county and township cadres at all levels of Bao Jia system as the main body, to the end of 40s, the trainees and extended to the chief inspector of the district commissioner. The students have some adjustment program, students enrolled in grouping, in order to better training. The study found that worrying background students, birth and age are different, the effects of training the implementation.
Hubei province cadre training content is mainly divided into three aspects: the cultivation of professional quality, to Xinxian County and various related professional knowledge; mental and political education, which is the core content of the training, to Sun Zhongshan's principles, mainly after the founding of the theory of the Kuomintang, coupled with Jiang Jieshi's speech and theory; military training and management, military training is an important aspect of the training of cadres, cadres training reflects the characteristics of "Military". In general, the core of the cadre training is to create "the party's cadres have both ability and political integrity".
Hubei also includes the management and supervision of cadres training. After training the students after graduation, training personnel back to the office, but may be dismissed; examination and training personnel after graduation, due to receiving authority to cope with the negative, face the risk of unemployment. Because at that time the personnel system will also make the training work adversely affected by the results. After authorities and the Hubei provincial government personnel on Cadets' liaison, stressed that the personnel department and the provincial government student communication, which is an important channel for local authorities to understand the political situation.
Hubei province cadre training resources nervous, especially at the county level training organ resources difficult to maintain, or even by the students "public" to survive. But corruption within the training agency unbearable, seriously eroded the training work of perception and operation. Although the KMT Central Committee attaches great importance to the training of cadres, although Hubei Province has formulated the relevant rules and regulations, but the overall view, training effectiveness, and did not reach the predetermined target and the Kuomintang government, and in the process of training and training, the formation of perplexing factions. In addition to the internal reasons, the military situation at that time, economic collapse and social depravity environment, affect the results of the training, the training effect is difficult to continue. Not clear.
During the period of Nanjing national government cadres training, is to strengthen the party state system, is also the product of state power down. The implementation of the Xinxian County system to consolidate the bureaucratic organs at the county level of the township system open formal, bureaucratic, and the Bao Jia system semi formal, semi formal and bureaucratic, the bureaucratic is the traditional and modern combination of the system reform of personnel. Therefore, the training of cadres is to create a new country Party cadres, to support the regime construction. Due to the vulnerability of the Kuomintang regime, the modernization process of the cadre training in party, country, military intertwined, so no to achieve the desired effect. History can know the pros and cons, the training of cadres is of great significance for today's training of cadres.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D262.3;K26

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