民国时期合作金库研究（1935-1949）

发布时间：2018-03-27 19:17

本文选题：合作金库　切入点：发展　出处：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：合作金库是源于西方的一种金融组织形式，它以调节合作经济组织的资金融通为宗旨，是在合作社基础上建立的区域性或全国性合作金融机构。20世纪二三十年代，随着西方合作经济思想在中国的传播，，面对危机之中的农村经济，发展合作金融逐渐成为国民政府稳定农村经济、巩固统治的重要手段。在国民政府、金融机构和社会团体的努力下，到1930年代中期，中国农村的合作金融组织已经得到了初步发展，但同时也存在着资金短缺、依赖银行、缺乏系统性等缺陷，为了解决这些问题，在农村合作社的基础上创办各级合作金库，成为国民政府及社会各界的普遍共识，由此拉开了合作金库在近代中国的发展序幕。中国的合作金库是在国民政府推动下建立和发展起来的。从1935年开始，国民政府颁布了发展合作金库的专门法规。随后，一些地方政府和农本局即着手组建合作金库，到抗战前夕，数量不多的几个省、县合作金库已经建立了起来。抗战爆发后，政府积极实行扩大农贷的政策，推动合作金库建设的辅设机关也不断增加，合作金库由此进入高速发展时期，并于1940年达到高潮。1941年以后，政府对合作金库相关的政策进行了一系列调整，政策调整后合作金库的发展逐渐放缓。到1946年，国民政府成立了中央合作金库，在国民党统治摇摇欲坠的环境中，中央合作金库所能发挥的作用已经十分有限了。从1935年到1949年，中国的合作金库从无到有，经历了起伏曲折的发展历程，总体来说形成了一定的规模，在各类农村金融机构中已成为一支不容忽视的力量。合作金库是从国外引进的金融组织形式，在欧美和日本，合作金库的发展以民间力量为主，政府主要发挥扶助、监督和规范的作用；在合作金库的资金来源和经营管理上，基层合作组织与农民处于主导地位；而且在发展中逐渐形成了从地方到中央的金字塔式合作金库体系。与之相比，合作金库在中国的发展中则产生了明显的变异。第一，合作金库发展完全由政府推动，民间力量处于被动地位；第二，合作金库严重依赖政府和国家行局的资金；第三，合作金库的经营管理由政府和国家行局控制；第四，合作金库体系的内部结构呈现为多元分散的特征，合作金库与政府和国家银行紧密相联，但各级合作金库之间却没有形成有机的联系。这些变异反映出中国的合作金库只是借用了合作金融组织的外壳，实际上并没有真正具备合作金融自愿、自主、民主、互助的性质，在实践中合作金库更多地充当了政府的政策工具和国家行局向农村贷款的中介。之所以产生这样的结果，一方面是因为国民政府对经济具有强烈的控制欲望，对金融领域尤为甚之；另一方面，当时中国农村经济深陷困境，合作金库可以从农村内部获得的金融资源极其有限，加之农村社会环境的局限以及政府对乡村社会不断强化的控制，都使合作金库的自主发展缺乏适宜的土壤。民国时期的合作金库，尽管存在一些缺陷，但从总体上看仍然是国民政府推动农村金融发展的有益尝试。合作金库的发展在一定程度上缓解了农村资金的短缺，促进了农业生产，为支持抗战做出了积极的贡献。而且，合作金库作为一种现代金融组织形式，它的发展为中国农村金融注入了新的力量，推动了农村借贷关系的转型与现代化，由此在中国农村金融史上书写了值得铭记的一页。
[Abstract]:Cooperative bank is a financial organization from the west, its financing regulation of cooperative economic organization for the purpose of regional or national cooperation based on cooperative financial institutions based on.20 in 20s and 30s, with the spread of Western cooperative economy thought in Chinese, facing the crisis of the rural economy, the development of cooperative finance the national government has gradually become a stable rural economy, an important means of consolidating the rule. In the national government, financial institutions and social groups under the efforts by the middle of 1930s, China rural cooperative financial organization has been developed, but there is also a shortage of funds, relying on the bank, the lack of systematic defects, in order to solve these the problem, based on Cooperative founded at all levels of rural cooperatives, become the consensus of the national government and all sectors of society, which opened the vault in cooperation The prelude to the development of modern China.
The Chinese cooperative is in the national government to promote the establishment and development. From the beginning of 1935, the national government promulgated the regulations of the cooperative development. Subsequently, some local governments and Agricultural Bureau to set up cooperative, to the eve of the war, the number of provinces, county cooperative bank is established. After the outbreak of the war, the government actively implement the expansion of credit policy, promote the construction of the cooperative auxiliary organs will continue to increase, the cooperative bank entered a period of rapid development, and in 1940 reached a climax after.1941 years, the government policy related to the cooperative Treasury conducted a series of adjustments, policy development cooperation vault gradually slowed down. By 1946, the national government established a central cooperative bank in the Kuomintang, the crumbling of the environment, the central cooperative bank can play the role of ten points has been limited. From 1935 to 1949, China's cooperative Treasury had gone through a series of ups and downs. It has formed a certain scale in general, and has become a force that can not be ignored in all kinds of rural financial institutions.
The cooperative is imported from the financial organization in Europe and Japan, the development of cooperative with non-governmental forces, the government plays an important role in assisting, supervising and regulating role; in the cooperative funding and management, grassroots cooperative organizations and farmers in a dominant position; and gradually formed in the development of the pyramid from the cooperative system of the central place. In contrast, the cooperative development in the China were generated in the obvious variation. First, cooperative development is driven entirely by the government, the civil power in a passive position; second, cooperative depends heavily on government and the State Bureau of funds; third, management cooperation the Treasury is controlled by the government and the State Bureau; fourth, the internal structure of the cooperative system has characteristics of diversified, cooperative with the government and the national bank close Contact, but did not form a cooperative between the levels of organic connection. These variations reflect the China cooperative bank borrows the cooperative financial organization of the shell, does not actually have financial autonomy, voluntary cooperation, democracy, mutual nature, in practice as well as more as the Treasury instruments of government policy and State Bureau of rural loans to intermediary. The result, partly because the national government has a strong desire to control the economy, particularly in the financial sector; on the other hand, when the Chinese rural cooperative economy in deep trouble, can be obtained from the rural financial resources are extremely limited, and the control of rural society the limitations and the strengthening of the government to the rural society, will make the independent development cooperative lack of suitable soil.
During the period of the Republic of the cooperative, although there are some defects, but overall is still a useful attempt of national government to promote the development of rural finance. The development of the rural cooperative bank alleviate the shortage of funds in a certain extent, the promotion of agricultural production, and made a positive contribution to support the war. Moreover, as a kind of cooperative the form of the modern financial organizations, it develops into a new force China rural finance, and promote the transformation and modernization of rural credit, resulting in China rural financial history to remember a page.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F832.9;K258

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