民初农商部研究（1912-1916）

发布时间：2018-04-18 11:40

本文选题：民初 + 农林部　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：近代以来,随着中外交往的频繁,传统农商行政管理体制开始出现新的趋向。为了应付传统经济管理体制的不足,清政府增设了一些临时管理对外商务往来的行政机构,而商部的创设,则标志着中国第一个近代意义上专门管理全国实业的中央机构诞生。后来由于职权过于宽泛、经费不足而改为农工商部。辛亥革命后,革命党人建立南京临时政府,为了促进全国实业的发展,设立了实业部,各省成立实业司。袁世凯当选南北统一的临时大总统后,临时政府迁至北京,袁世凯及其北京政府十分重视实业的发展,在清农工商部和南京实业部整合的基础上成立了农商部,起初分立为农林、工商二部。相较而言,清末商部、农工商部与之已不可同日而语。简言之,民初农商部建立在中华民国民主共和政治体制之下,而清末商部、农工商部却仍为封建君主专制政体服务；其次,民初农商部的创新精神也是清末商部、农工商部所无法比拟的。民初农商部的组建经历一个不寻常的过程,它是辛亥革命以来各方政治势力博弈的继续。其间虽然没有惊心动魄的公开大论争,可背后却隐藏着许多不为人知的故事。农商部成立后,自然就要发挥其组织领导和管理农工商矿各业发展的行政职能,这种职能是如何行使的呢?农商部发挥正常的农工商矿各业行政管理职能,既需要组织其所有职员的参与和协作,又需要一个合理的组织机构作为其运作的载体,还需要一定的经费作为其经济保障。只有三者同时具备,农商部才能够实现职权运作。农商部的职权运作是一项系统而复杂的工程,牵涉的问题很广,不仅需要农商部领导者有高瞻远瞩的眼光,现代化的施政理念,也需要中央、省、县职能部门的配合,更需要从事实业者之身体力行。其中,农商部内部的组织机构及其主要人事构成,则是农商部的灵魂和核心,组织结构是从宏观上而言,人事构成却是微观范畴,如果说组织机构是一架高速运转的机器的话,那么人事就是这台机器的具体操作者,就是中枢指挥系统。农商部内部组织机构的设置,较强地适应了民初社会经济发展的需要,其采用分科层治事的方式,分工明确,责有专人,是对传统模糊治事方式的扬弃,是政治制度现代化的重要体现。在人事构成方面,其拥有一支学历高、专业性强、年轻有为的官僚队伍,尽管民初农商部总次长更迭较为频繁,但参事和司长群体们却相对比较稳定。参事的稳定有利于农商部方针政策、法律制度的稳定,司长的稳定有利于农商部处理日常事务的连续性。而运作过程既是农商部职权的具体体现,也是评价农商部在民初经济发展中所起作用的重要砝码。它主要有三种运作方式：行政方式,法律方式,协作方式。为了促进民初实业的发展,农商部不仅制定了适应生产力发展的农工商矿各业经济政策,而且极力施行,取得了重大成绩,一时竟出现了被人们美誉的“资本主义的黄金时期”,极大的促进了中国早期现代化的进程。尽管其某些政策的制定和执行还未能尽如人意,但我们不能以偏概全,从而抹杀其在民初经济社会发展中所起的积极作用。可惜的是,这种经济快速运转态势却因袁世凯的帝制自为而逐渐衰竭。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the frequent foreign exchanges, the traditional business administration system began to appear new trend. In order to cope with the shortage of traditional economic management system, the Qing government added the administrative institutions of foreign business temporary management, and the establishment of the Ministry of Commerce, marks the first Chinese modern central organization to manage the national industry the birth. Later because the powers are too broad, lack of funds to the Ministry of agriculture. After the revolution, the establishment of the provisional government of Nanjing revolutionary party, in order to promote national industrial development, the establishment of the Ministry of industry, the provinces to set up the industrial division. The interim president Yuan Shikai was elected after the reunification, the temporary government moved to Beijing, Yuan Shikai and Beijing the government attaches great importance to industrial development, on the basis of the Qing and Nanjing Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of industry integration established by the Ministry of agriculture and commerce, first division for agricultural industrial and commercial forest, two. In contrast, the business department, the Ministry of agriculture and already cannot be mention in the same breath. In other words, the Ministry of agriculture and Commerce set up under the Republic of China democratic political system, and the business department, the Ministry of agriculture is still serving for the feudal monarchy; secondly, a new spirit of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce is the business department of agriculture. The Department is unable to compare. The Ministry of agriculture and Commerce set up through an unusual process, it is all political forces the game to the 1911 Revolution. Although there are no thrilling public debate, which is hidden behind many unknown stories. After the establishment of the Ministry of agriculture, it will play the executive functions of organization and leadership the management and development of farming industry and mining, this function is exercised? The Ministry of agriculture and commerce develops normal farming industry and mining administrative functions, not only need to organize all the staff participation and Cooperation, also need a reasonable organization as its carrier, also need some funds as their economic security. Only three had at the same time, the Ministry of agriculture and commerce to realize its operation. The operation of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce authority is a systematic and complex project, involving the problem is very wide, not only to agriculture department leaders have vision of modern look far ahead from a high plane, his idea also needs the central, province, with the county departments, need more engaged in the industrial practice. Among them, the Ministry of agriculture and commerce within the organization and its key personnel composition is the core and soul of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce, the organization structure is from a macro point of view, the personnel structure it is the micro scope, if the organization is a high speed operation of the machine, then the personnel is the concrete operation of the machine is the central command system. The internal organization of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce. The better adapted to the needs of the social and economic development, the Department to do the way, a clear division of responsibility with someone, is to discard the traditional fuzzy treatment way, is an important manifestation of the modern political system. In the composition of the personnel, it has a high academic qualification, professional and strong. Young bureaucracy, although the total Vice Minister of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce more frequent changes, but the counselor and the director groups have been relatively stable. The stability of counselor is conducive to the Ministry of agriculture and commerce policy, legal system, stability, stability is conducive to the continuity of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce to handle daily affairs. And the operation process is the embodiment of the Ministry of agriculture and commerce the authority, but also evaluate the role of the Ministry of agriculture an important weight on the economic development. It mainly has three modes of operation: administrative, legal, and collaboration. In order to promote the development of the agricultural industry. The Ministry of Commerce has formulated the farming industry and mining adapt to the development of productive forces and strongly implementing economic policies, has made significant achievements, it appeared to be hailed as the "golden age of capitalism", greatly promoted the early modernization of the Chinese. Although the formulation and implementation of some policies is not satisfactory, but we cannot Overgeneralization, thus denied the positive role in the early Republic of China Economic and social development. It is a pity that the rapid economic operation situation but because of Yuan Shikai's self proclaimed monarchy and gradually failure.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K258

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