从北京到北平：国都南迁与北方的社会舆论

发布时间：2018-05-09 21:50

本文选题：北平 + 国都　；参考：《中共中央党校》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 国都是一个国家的象征,一个中央政权总是与其国都紧密联系在一起的,甚至有时我们以国都所在地来代指中央政府。民国时期,由于战乱不断,国都也是迁移不断,民国史上不少重大事件,都与“都城”的搬迁相联系。从某种角度来说,一部民国史可以说是民国迁都史。本文讨论的是1928年南方国民政府打败北洋阀政府后的迁都和社会舆论。在研究过程中笔者从政治史、社会史和区域史的角度对社会各个阶层关于国都南迁的态度进行了梳理,形成以下的观点: 首先,国民党内不同派别对国都问题的态度及其各自目的。以蒋介石为首的南京国民政府,首都南迁,对其来说不仅仅是其势力范围在江浙一带,更重要的是通过国都南迁,“忠实”实践总理的理论及遗训,获得国民党内部全体成员的同意和承认,在国内外和国民党内部确立其政权的正当性和合法性;以阎锡山和冯玉祥为首的北方实力派,首先从维护自身利益考虑提出国都问题,但是这种考虑同样符合当时中国的国情,引起一些与国都南迁没有直接利益人士的共鸣。其次,北方社会舆论与国都南移。以《大公报》为代表的北方其他各地与国都南迁没有直接关系,他们的态度相对来说比较平和;以北平市民为代表的社会群体与国都南移有着切身利益,他们对国都问题的态度有一个变化过程:态度含蓄期,最初是同意国民大会公决,态度比较含蓄。因为北京自古以来就为首都,他们自信国都会建在北平;明确反对期,当国民政府明令迁都南京时,则公开的反对,主要从自身利益考虑,比如说失业,生活困苦等;面对既成事实期,最后面对既成事实,只有接受,进而考虑北京以后的发展途径。在本部分的叙述中,还会附带提到北平市民对奉军和国民革命军的态度。北平市民反对迁都并不是说他们对奉系军阀怀有感情,相反他们对国民革命军占领北京是持欢迎态度的,他们反对的只是国都的南迁。最后,政治运行与社会舆论的关系,二者既有互动性又有背离性。从互动性看,南京政府虽然把国都迁到南京,但迫于舆论的压力,也进行了妥协,同意把河北省省会从天津移到北平。这说明政治运行过程的舆论作用不容忽视。但是也必须看到,虽然北方社会一再反对,但是国都还是南移,也可以看作其背离性。同时,也通过讨论国都南迁对故都市民造成的影响,来侧面回应一下当下关于首都迁移的议论。
[Abstract]:A state is a symbol of a country. A central government is always closely linked with its country. Even sometimes we refer to the central government at the place where the country is located. During the period of the Republic of China, because of the war, the country had been migrated constantly, and many important events in the history of the Republic of China were associated with the relocation of the "capital city". From a certain point of view, A history of the Republic of China can be said to be the history of the migration of the Republic of China.
This paper discusses the relocation and public opinion of the southern national government in 1928 after the defeat of the Beiyang valve government. In the course of the study, the author from the perspective of political history, social history and regional history has combed the attitudes of all social strata on the south migration, forming the following views:
First, the attitudes of different factions in the Kuomintang and their respective aims of the national capital in the Kuomintang were moved south of the Nanjing national government, led by Jiang Jieshi, not only in the area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, but more importantly through the southward migration of the country, and "faithfully" to practice the prime minister's theory and training and to obtain the same members of the Kuomintang. Meaning and recognition, the legitimacy and legitimacy of the political power within the country and the Kuomintang; the northern power faction headed by Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang, first of all, to consider the issue of going abroad from the maintenance of its own interests, but this consideration also conforms to the national conditions of the time of the time of China, and causes a number of people who have no direct interest in the southward migration of the country.
Secondly, the public opinion and the country in the north are moving south. There is no direct relationship between the other northern parts of the north and the country, represented by the great public newspaper. Their attitude is relatively peaceful; the social groups and countries represented by the Beiping citizens have a vital interest, and their attitude towards the problem of the national capital has a changing process: the period of implicit attitude At first, it agreed with the national assembly for a referendum. Because Beijing had been the capital since ancient times, their confidence country would be built in Beiping; when the national government ordered the capital to move to Nanjing, the public objected, mainly from its own interests, such as loss of business, life hardship, and so on. In fact, only acceptance, and further consideration of the way of development after Beijing. In this section, there will also be a reference to the attitude of the citizens of Beiping to the army and the national revolutionary army. The citizens of Beiping are not saying they have feelings for the warlords, but they are welcome to the occupation of Beijing by the national revolution army. They oppose it. It's just that the country is moving south.
Finally, the relations between the political operation and the public opinion are both interactive and deviant. From the perspective of interaction, the government of Nanjing, though moving the country to Nanjing, is under the pressure of public opinion, and has also made a compromise and agreed to move the provincial capital of Hebei from Tianjin to Beiping. This shows that the role of public opinion in the process of political operation can not be ignored. But it must also be done. We can see that although the northern society has repeatedly objected, the country is still moving south, and it can be seen as its deviation. At the same time, by discussing the influence of the southward migration of the country to the urban people, the comments on the migration of the capital are in response to the present.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K258

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