科举制废除后知识分子职业分流研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 22:00

本文选题：清末民初 + 新式知识分子　；参考：《河北师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：近代以来资本主义经济的发展使得各种不同于传统的职能部门大量涌现，社会对专门人才的需求日益增多。科举制度废除后，以科举制度维系的单一职业格局随之瓦解。随着社会对专业人才的需求，在近代教育体制培养下的各种专门人才也出现了较大规模的分流。而作为知识分子个体，在分流中既受到经济、体制两方面的影响，又交杂着个体的价值判断和选择，，使得近代社会的职业图景呈现了一种多元、复杂的局面，对近代社会的变迁形成了一定的冲击，既改变了许多传统观念，也促进了社会进步和个体的发展。鸦片战争前，中国社会的经济形式始终是建立在农耕基础上自给自足的小农经济，建立在此基础之上的身份等级和职业格局为“士农工商”。当时受科举制的影响，“学而优则仕”是知识分子终身追求的职业理想。但是洋务运动以来，这种状况开始出现改变。拥有专业知识的知识分子，随着洋务运动的展开而出现。二十世纪初期，这些早期知识分子已经在各自的专业领域发挥着重要作用。 1901年清政府开始实行“新政”，进行了一系列的改革，特别是1905年科举制度的废除，在社会上产生了不小的震荡。知识分子赖以维系特权、维系职业的制度资源由于科举制的废除而从此断裂，学校教育取代了科举成为整个社会培养人才的总机构。社会的发展需求专业化的人才，过去科举制度下培养的通才型知识分子随着近代专业教育的发展趋向多样化的分流。新式知识分子由于掌握不同专业而开始了不同的职业分流。但由于社会传统和经济发展水平影响，近代新式知识分子在择业中也存在不少问题，主要表现为：传统“学而优则仕”观念对知识分子择业的影响，其次为专业对口问题，由于政府用人指导原则的影响，导致许多人学非所用，或者出现弃之不用的社会问题；第三为供求问题，由于经济发展水平的限制，新式学堂的知识分子在择业中出现了供过于求。新式知识分子的择业过程，是在新的社会形式下的智力资源的重新分配过程。人们的职业意识随着社会环境的改变日益增强，职业的选择成为新式知识分子在人生发展中面临的重要问题。社会也在各种职业的架构中发生了改变。其中最为明显的即是择业所带来的社会流动和社会阶层变动，成为这一时期社会变迁较醒目的事件。
[Abstract]:Since modern times, the development of capitalist economy has made a large number of functional departments which are different from the traditional ones, and the social demand for specialized personnel is increasing day by day. After the abolition of imperial examination system, the single occupation pattern maintained by imperial examination system disintegrated. With the society's demand for professional talents, various kinds of specialized talents trained under the modern educational system have also appeared a relatively large scale of diversion. As an intellectual individual, he was influenced by economy and system, and mixed with individual value judgment and choice, which made the career prospect of modern society present a kind of pluralistic and complex situation. It not only changed many traditional ideas, but also promoted social progress and individual development. Before the Opium War, the economic form of Chinese society was always a self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy based on farming. Under the influence of imperial examination system at that time, "study but excellent is official" is intellectual lifelong pursue occupation ideal. But since the Westernization Movement, this situation has begun to change. Intellectuals with professional knowledge appeared with the Westernization Movement. In the early 20th century, these early intellectuals had played an important role in their respective fields of expertise. In 1901, the Qing government began to implement the "New deal" and carried out a series of reforms, especially the abolition of the imperial examination system in 1905. The institutional resources that intellectuals rely on to maintain their privileges and maintain their profession are broken because of the abolition of the imperial examination system. School education has replaced the imperial examination as the chief institution for the cultivation of talents in the whole society. The development of society requires specialized talents, and the generalist intellectuals trained under the imperial examination system in the past tend to diversify with the development of modern professional education. New-style intellectuals began different job diversions because of their mastery of different specialties. However, due to the influence of social tradition and economic development level, modern intellectuals also have a lot of problems in choosing jobs. As a result of the influence of the guiding principles of government employment, many people have to face social problems of not using them or abandoning them. Third, the problem of supply and demand, because of the restrictions on the level of economic development, The intellectuals in new-style schools have oversupplied in their choice of jobs. The process of choosing a job for new intellectuals is the redistribution of intellectual resources under the new social form. With the change of social environment, people's professional consciousness has become more and more important, and the choice of occupation has become an important problem in the development of modern intellectuals' life. Society has also changed within the framework of various professions. Among them, the most obvious is the social mobility and social class changes brought about by choosing a job, which became a striking event of social change in this period.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K257;C913.2

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