19世纪末20世纪初（1895年-1905年）中国人的俄国观

发布时间：2018-06-02 08:57

本文选题：中俄密约 + 仇俄　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 从甲午中日战争到日俄战争的这十年中,中国人的俄国观经历了亲俄、联俄到仇俄、拒俄的转变。三国干涉还辽之后的一段时期内,中国各个阶层一度对沙俄产生了好感,把沙俄当成为恩人,亲俄思潮盛极一时。在这种亲俄思潮的推动下,清政府的联俄政策出笼了。这种联俄政策是“以夷制夷”思想的运用。《中俄密约》、《旅大租地条约》签订之后,中国不少有识之士开始警觉到了沙俄的险恶用心,这部分人既包括一些爱国知识分子,也包括一些督抚大员。他们开始逐步放弃以前的亲俄思想,开始产生疏俄的想法。当然这时清政府当中亲俄、联俄的思潮仍然占绝对优势,且这种思潮在清政府的对俄外交中仍然起着实质性的作用。这一时期是清政府把联俄政策付诸实践的阶段,沙俄正是利用了清政府急于联俄制日的想法,把侵略的魔爪伸向了中国。因此,清政府的这种联俄思想无疑起了开门揖盗的作用。1900年下半年,俄国大举入侵我国东北,对我国进行赤裸裸的武装侵略、占领。这引起了全国各阶层的强烈反对。中国人民彻底认清了沙俄的侵略野心,仇俄思潮激荡全国,在这股仇俄思潮的推动下,在全国范围内掀起了一场声势浩大的拒俄运动。这时期由于沙俄侵略的恶劣性及其毫无遮掩性导致这一阶段中国人的仇俄情绪具有广泛性和普遍性的特点,即中国这一时期不但精英阶层对沙俄侵华有切身体会,且普通民众也自觉地加入到反俄的行列中来。清政府当中也有越来越多的要员们认清了沙俄的侵略本质,他们纷纷上疏清政府要求清政府拒签俄约,拒绝沙俄的侵略要求。他们同时对清政府的联俄外交政策进行了抨击,并且对清政府中的亲俄分子进行了指责。这时期掀起的这场广泛的拒俄运动是中华民族觉醒的表现和标志。由于这一时期沙俄的侵略不但威胁到了中国的主权和利益,而且也严重损害了其他列强在华的侵略权益,所以其它列强也纷纷指责沙俄,并且通过各种方式对清政府施压,要求清政府拒签俄约。正是在国内外各种拒俄、仇俄思潮的推动下,清政府也被迫对前一阶段的对俄政策进行了某些调整,最终没有答应沙俄的侵略要求,并且若隐若现地产生了疏俄的想法,开始走上联日制俄的外交道路。日俄战争爆发后,中国人的沙俄观又有了新的变化。这一时期,广大爱国知识分子一方面继承了前一阶段的拒俄、仇俄思想。同时对沙俄进行了深入的分析,他们对沙俄的专制制度进行了深刻的揭露和批判。他们认为俄国与日本的战争实际上是专制与立宪的较量,并且认为俄国的专制制度是沙俄输掉这场战争的根本原因。这时期清统治阶级中也有不少人赞成这种观点,这部分人成为立宪派。从而在全国上下掀起了一股立宪的思潮。清政府也不得不,至少从表面上顺应这股思潮,宣布实行预备仿行立宪。这一时期广大爱国知识分子还从俄国败于日本的事实中得出黄种人并非天生劣于白种人的结论,并且对所谓的“黄祸论”进行了批判。从总体上来看,从甲午中日战争到日俄战争的这十年间,中国人的沙俄观分为两种,一种是以广大爱国知识分子为代表的在野派的沙俄观,一派是在朝的清统治阶级的沙俄观。广大爱国知识分子的俄国观是这一时期中国人民反帝意识的一个缩影,他们的俄国观主要围绕救亡图存这个主题展开。他们的这种沙俄观在当时得到了广泛的传播,起到了思想启蒙的作用,并且在一定程度上起到了抵制沙俄侵略的作用。清统治阶级的沙俄观总体上处在消极状态,他们对沙俄的侵略缺乏应有的认识,从而在对俄外交中处处处于被动地位,在这种俄国观的支配下,注定了其对俄外交必然归于失败。
[Abstract]:During the ten years from the Sino Japanese war between China and Japan to the war of Japan and Russia, the Russian views of the Chinese people experienced the transition from Russia to Russia, Russia to Russia and Russia. In a period after the three countries' interference in the Liao Dynasty, every stratum of China once had a good sense of the tsarist Russia, and became a benefactor of Russia, and the pro Russian trend of thought was a moment. Driven by this kind of Pro Russian trend of thought, The policy of linking Russia with the government of the Qing Dynasty came out. This policy was the use of the thought of "making foreign countries". After the signing of the Sino Russian close contract, many Chinese intellectuals began to alert to the sinister intentions of the tsarist Russia, including some patriotic intellectuals and some governors. They began to give up gradually. Of course, the former pro Russian thought began to produce the idea of thinning Russia. Of course, in the Qing Dynasty, in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the trend of the trend of thought still occupies an absolute advantage in the Qing government, and this trend of thought still plays a substantial role in the Qing government's diplomacy to Russia. This period is the stage of the Qing government putting the policy into practice, and the tsarist Russia is using the Qing government to be anxious to connect. In the second half of.1900, the Russian thought of the government of the government of the Qing Dynasty has undoubtedly played a role in the second half of the year. In the second half of.1900, Russia invaded the northeast of our country and carried out the naked armed aggression and occupation of our country. This has aroused strong opposition from all levels of the country. The Chinese people have completely recognized the tsarist Russia. In this period, the vengeance of the tsarist Russia and the unmasking nature of the aggression of tsarist Russia have led to the widespread and universal characteristics of the Chinese people's hatred of Russia and Russia, namely, the period of China not only in this period, but also in the period of China. The elite class has an experience of tsarist Russia invading China, and the ordinary people also consciously join in the ranks of anti Russia. In the Qing government, more and more members of the Qing government have recognized the essence of the aggression of tsarist Russia, and they have come to the Qing government to ask the Qing government to refuse to sign the Russian treaty and to reject the invasion requirements of the tsarist Russia. The policy was attacked and criticized the pro Russian elements in the Qing government. This widespread anti Russian movement was a manifestation and symbol of the awakening of the Chinese nation. The aggression of tsarist Russia not only threatened China's sovereignty and interests, but also seriously damaged the interests of other powers in China. The other powers also accuse tsarist Russia, and put pressure on the Qing government in various ways and asked the Qing government to refuse to sign Russia. After the outbreak of the Japanese Russian war, the Chinese concept of tsarist Russia has changed again. In this period, the vast majority of patriotic intellectuals inherited the previous stage of anti Russian and xenophobia. At the same time, a deep analysis of the tsarist Russia was carried out, and their despotic system of tsarist Russia was deeply carried out. They believed that the war between Russia and Japan was actually a contest between autocracy and constitutionalism, and that Russia's autocratic system was the root cause of the war. In this period, many people in the ruling class agreed with this view, and this part became a constitutionalism. Thus, a constitutionalism was set off all over the country. The Qing government also had to, at least, conformed to this trend of thought at least on the surface, and announced the implementation of the constitutional imitating constitution. In this period, the majority of patriotic intellectuals also concluded that the yellow race was not a natural inferiority of the white people from the fact that Russia was defeated in Japan, and criticized the so-called "Yellow Peril". In the ten years of the Sino Japanese war between the middle and the Japanese and the Japanese and Russian wars, the Chinese view of the tsarist Russia is divided into two kinds, one is the view of the tsarist Russia represented by the vast patriotic intellectuals, and the other is the tsarist Russia view of the Qing ruling class in the dynasty. The view of the country mainly revolved around the theme of saving the nation from subjugation. Their view of tsarist Russia was widely spread at that time, played the role of ideological enlightenment, and played a role in resisting the aggression of the tsarist Russia to a certain extent. The tsarist Russia view of the ruling class was generally in a negative state, and they lack the due understanding of the aggression of the tsarist Russia. Thus, it is in a passive position everywhere in Russia's diplomacy. Under the domination of this view of Russia, it is destined that its diplomacy with Russia will inevitably fail.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K257

【引证文献】