抗战时期美国援华过程中的日苏因素

发布时间：2018-06-16 11:39

本文选题：美国 + 援华政策　；参考：《安徽大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：美中关系的研究一直是国际关系中研究的重点和热点。在美中关系二百多年的发展历程中,抗战时期的那一段更可称得上是重中之重,因为它深深地影响了日后美中关系,甚至是整个国际局势的走势。而这一时期美中关系,美国对华援助作为一个“支点”,基本贯穿了整个抗战时期。美国对华援助不仅仅只是出于人道主义方面的考虑,根本的缘由是出于其对自身国家利益的考量。那么日本、苏联两大国在美国对华援助的过程中,就成为不得不加以考虑的因素。美国、日本、苏联三国在中国以及远东的利益休戚相关,因此,在美国对华采取一系列援助措施的过程中,日、苏两国不管是主观上,还是客观上都成了美中关系中绕不开的因素,对此必须加以考虑和重视。从“卢沟桥事变”开始到太平洋战争爆发,美国援华政策经历了从中立观望到有限援华这么一个过程。由于日美之间的巨大利益关系,在中国全面抗战伊始,美国只是采取了“中立”的态度,对中国国民政府提出的援助要求也“视若无睹”。但是随着日本侵略政策的转变,由“北进”转而“南进”,将矛头直指美(英)的利益所在地——南太平洋、东南亚地区。这让美国不得不改变其对外政策——由当初的纵容日本侵华转为有限援华,希望此举能遏制住日本的侵略势头。这一时期内,美日之间的矛盾冲突在美援华过程中起到了主要作用,苏联对华政策的转变以及美苏之间的矛盾起到了次要作用。太平洋战争初期,日本暂时对美取得战略上的优势。美英确定的“先欧后亚”战略,将战略重点放在欧洲,亚洲次之。这客观上奠定了美英的全球军事战略布局,即美英将大部分精力放在欧洲,而在亚洲太平洋地区必然抽不出更多的精力,只能采取守势,维持住太平洋地区的战略防线。而中国就是这一战略防御体系中一个至关重要的军事基地,因此在军事上的意义可想而知。美国要想稳住太平洋地区的局势,必然要加强中国战场的重要性。因此美国加强了对中国的军事、经济援助,也迅速地同中国结成了军事同盟关系。 1943年2月,斯大林格勒保卫战取得全面胜利的同时,也标志着世界反法西斯战争进入转折点。美国此时的的对华政策有两个目标：一是保证国民政府对日进行有效地共同作战；二是在战时和战后为了筹建国际组织和在东方实现稳定和繁荣,承诺要把中国建设成为一个与苏、英、美西方三大盟国具有同等地位的大国。显而易见,美国要把中国抬上大国的宝座。美国此举的目的也很明确：首先,从战时来看,支持中国成为大国有助于对日作战。美国可以通过提高中国的国际地位来增强中美之间的团结,鼓舞中国人民的士气,特别是1943年底美国废除了排华法案这一举措。中国战场的军事地位也是“美国使中国成为大国”考量的重要因素。另外,也将更加方便对中国进行援助活动。其次,从战后来看,让中国成为大国有助于美国在战后远东地区抗衡和制约苏联。这时战争结局基本已定,日本必将战败,英法也因战争而元气大伤,他们在远东、太平洋地区的殖民地也将随之消之殆尽。这样在远东地区必然会出现真空地带。而让中国填补这一真空地带是最合适不过的了。美国塑造中国的大国形象,就是为了将来“成为抵消苏联的有用的平衡力量”。战争末期,苏联在二战中军事实力得到很大的提升,美国整体的实力也更进一步。美苏都认识到战后的世界局势将由他们两巨头操纵。在战争结束前后,美苏两国一致认为合作要比竞争更加重要,对两国的发展也将更加有利。美国一方面希望苏联参加对日本的最后一战,这样可以减少自己不必要的人力和物力损失。但另一方面,美国又害怕苏联借此在远东的势力和影响力进一步加强,美国还担心苏联会利用中国共产党在解放区“大做文章”。苏联方面则希望彻底击败日本,稳固和扩大自己在远东和东北亚地区的利益。此外,苏联对中国的兴趣也由来已久。因此美苏两国便达成了双方利益互惠的《雅尔塔协定》。随着战争结束时间的日益临近,美苏的战时同盟关系也开始松动。美苏在远东地区的矛盾冲突越来越大。但是,由于美国缺乏足够的军事力量,无法改变苏联在远东局势中的有利地位。美国只能将希望寄托在“已经腐朽透顶”的蒋介石身上。美国一边准备在战后援助国民党政府,以进一步增强国民政府的实力。另一方面,美国希望共产党能在蒋介石国民政府的领导下,成立一个亲美的统一的中国,从而让这样的一个亲美的中国在远东地区来制衡苏联。不过,美国将宝完全压在一个“没有任何希望的政府”身上,结果可想而知——“美国失去了中国”,其扶蒋反共政策最终破产。
[Abstract]:The study of the relationship between the United States and China has always been the focus and hot spot in the international relations. During the more than 200 year development of the US China relations, the period of the war of resistance against the United States and China could be regarded as the top priority, because it deeply affected the future relations between the United States and China, and even the trend of the international situation.
In this period, the U. S. - China relations, the American aid to China as a "fulcrum", basically run through the entire period of the war of resistance. The American aid to China is not only a humanitarian consideration, but the fundamental reason is its consideration of its own national interests. Then, Japan, the two great powers of the United States of the United States in the United States in the process of assistance to China in the United States, For the factors that have to be considered, the interests of the United States, Japan and the Soviet Union are closely related to the interests of China and the Far East. Therefore, in the course of a series of aid measures taken by the United States to China, Japan and the Soviet Union, both subjective and objective, have become an inseparable factor in the relationship between the United States and China, which must be taken into consideration and attention.
From the beginning of the "Lugou Bridge incident" to the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States policy of China's aid to China has experienced a process from neutrality to limited aid to China. Because of the great interest relations between Japan and the United States, the United States has only adopted a "neutral" attitude at the beginning of the war of resistance in China. But with the change of Japanese aggression policy, the shift from "North" to "south" is directed at the location of the interests of the United States - the South Pacific and the Southeast Asia. This makes the United States have to change its foreign policy - from the initial connivance to the Japanese invasion to China, and hope that this will contain the Japanese aggression. During this period, the conflict between the United States and Japan played a major role in the process of us aid to China, the change of the Soviet policy to China and the contradiction between the United States and the Soviet Union played a secondary role.
In the early days of the Pacific War, Japan had a strategic advantage for the United States. The strategy of "pre European and post Asia" established by the United States and Britain put the strategic emphasis on Europe and Asia. This objectively laid the global military strategic layout of the United States and Britain, that is, the United States and Britain put most of their energy in Europe, and the Asia and the Pacific must not draw more energy. We can only take the defensive and maintain the strategic line of the Pacific region. China is a vital military base in this strategic defense system, so the significance of the military is imaginable. The United States is bound to strengthen the importance of the Chinese battlefield in order to stabilize the situation in the Pacific region. Financial aid also quickly formed a military alliance with China.
At the same time, in February 1943, the war of defense of Stalingrad achieved a comprehensive victory. It also marked the turning point of the world anti fascist war. At this time, the US policy towards China has two goals: one is to ensure the effective and effective joint operation of the national government to Japan, and the two is to build an international organization and to achieve stability in the East during the war and after the war. Prosperity, promise to build China into a big country with the same status as the three major allies of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States and the West. It is clear that the United States will lift China into the throne of the great powers. The purpose of this is clear: first, in wartime, supporting China to become a great power is helpful to Japan. The United States can improve China by improving China's state. To strengthen the solidarity between China and the United States and encourage the morale of the Chinese people, especially in the end of 1943, the United States abolished the act of the exclusion of China. The military status of the Chinese battlefield is also an important factor in the "us making China a big country". In addition, it will also be more convenient for China to aid activities. Secondly, from the post-war perspective, let the China be in the middle of the war. As a big country, it will help the United States to counterbalance and restrict the Soviet Union in the post-war Far East. At this time, the outcome of the war is basically fixed, Japan will be defeated, and the British and French are also badly injured by the war. They will also disappear in the Far East and the Pacific region. This will inevitably lead to a vacuum in the Far East. The vacuum zone is the most appropriate. The United States portrays the image of China's great power in order to "become a useful balance force to counteract the Soviet Union" in the future.
At the end of the war, the military strength of the Soviet Union was greatly enhanced in World War II and the United States was more powerful. Both the United States and the Soviet Union realized that the post-war world situation would be manipulated by their two giants. In the end of the war, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed that cooperation was more important than competition and would be more advantageous to the development of the two countries. In the hope of the Soviet Union participating in the final war on Japan, it could reduce unnecessary human and material losses. On the other hand, the United States was afraid that the Soviet Union would further strengthen its power and influence in the Far East, and the United States also feared that the Soviet Union would use the Communist Party of China to "do a great deal" in Jiefang District. Japan has secured and expanded its interests in the Far East and Northeast Asia. In addition, the Soviet Union's interest in China has been long. Therefore, the United States and the Soviet Union have reached the Yalta agreement, which is mutually beneficial for both sides.
As the end of the war draws near, the Soviet Union's wartime alliance has begun to loose. The conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union is growing in the Far East. However, the lack of sufficient military forces in the United States can not change the Soviet Union's advantage in the Far East. The United States can only trust Jiang Jieshi to be "decayed". On the other hand, the United States hopes that the Communist Party, under the leadership of Jiang Jieshi's national government, will set up a pro american and unified China, so that such a pro beautiful China will be able to balance the Soviet Union in the Far East.
However, the United States was completely pressed on a "government without any hope", and it was conceivable that "the United States lost China", and the policy of helping Chiang's anti Communist Party was finally bankrupt.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K265

【参考文献】