官民之间：苏州民办消防事业研究（1913-1954年）

发布时间：2018-06-28 04:59

本文选题：苏州 + 火政　；参考：《上海师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：鉴于商业繁荣及火灾易发的特点，再加上清末地方自治风潮的影响，清末时苏城出现了民办的消防组织。这些组织的经费主要来自商铺及市民的捐助，，属于民间公益的范畴。自清末创办始，该类组织数量不断增加，至民国时期，其数量最多时达七、八十处之多，一般情况下也有五、六十处。由于民办救火组织数量众多，又缺乏统一的领导和指挥，致使各救火组织之间难以协调，影响了救灾效率。为了加强协调，提高救火效率，在经过多次的磨合之后，苏城全城性的救火组织领导机关——苏州救火联合会于1913年成立。此后，救火联合会不断加强对各救火会的领导，整合了当时苏城的民办救火力量，极大地推进了苏州火政的发展。在联会管理之下，原来呈点状分布的单个救火会，此时则呈网状分布，基本覆盖了苏州全城各个角落，构成了一套严密的火灾预防系统，维护着苏城的安宁。在救火联合会成立前两个月，苏州警察厅消防队也设立，这是苏州唯一的官办消防组织，此后虽名称屡经变化，但苏州官办的消防力量一直存在。官办消防队初成立时规模只相当于一个民办救火组织，虽然后来力量有所增强，但仍远逊色于民办救火联合会。可以说，民办消防组织几乎承担了苏城绝大部分的火灾防救任务，而官办消防组织则起着指导作用，并作为官方力量的一种象征。官、民两种消防力量之间经常出现矛盾和冲突，即便是救火联合会所辖的救火会之间也是纠纷时见。但在有效地预防和扑救火灾的根本问题上，各救火组织的融合与合作是主流，官、民消防力量相互配合，共同维护着苏城的安宁与繁荣。抗战后，救火联合会恢复组织，力量仍较政府消防力量强大，但其发展并非一帆风顺。复员后的第三年，救火联合会即面临被撤销的危险，在该会与地方人士的据理力争之下，联合会得以暂时保留。建国后，救火联合会被逐步改编，最终被官办消防队接管，苏州的消防事业自此翻开了新的一页。但是官办的消防力量并不是万能的，此后其他民办消防组织仍在起着一定的作用。从苏州民办救火组织的发展历程可以看出，苏州社会的每一个变化都会在消防事业上得到反映，而消防事业也对苏州社会产生着影响。苏州特定的环境决定了存在于其间的民办消防事业稍逊于沿海的上海，但凭借与上海毗邻的有利条件，其民办消防事业的发展程度又超过其他内陆地区。通过对苏州民办消防事业的研究，我们清晰地看到传统与现代之间不是决然对立的，两者你中有我，我中有你，不可偏废。国家与社会互有短长，两者结合起来才能相得益彰。
[Abstract]:In view of the characteristics of commercial prosperity and fire vulnerability, coupled with the influence of local autonomy in the late Qing Dynasty, private fire fighting organizations appeared in Sucheng in the late Qing Dynasty. These organizations are funded mainly from shops and donations from the public and belong to the community. Since the founding of the late Qing Dynasty, the number of such organizations has been increasing, to the period of the Republic of China, its maximum number is as many as 70, 80, and generally there are 50 or 60. Due to the large number of private fire fighting organizations and the lack of unified leadership and command, it is difficult to coordinate among the fire fighting organizations, which affects the efficiency of disaster relief. In order to strengthen coordination and improve fire fighting efficiency, after many run-ins, Suzhou Fire fighting Federation, the leading organ of fire fighting organization in Suzhou City, was established in 1913. Since then, the Federation of Fire fighting continued to strengthen the leadership of various fire-fighting parties, integrated the Su City of private fire fighting forces, greatly promoted the development of fire policy in Suzhou. Under the management of the association, a single fire fighting meeting, which was originally distributed in the form of dots, was distributed in the form of a network, which basically covered all corners of Suzhou, constituted a strict fire prevention system, and maintained the tranquillity of the Suzhou city. Two months before the establishment of the Fire fighting Federation, the Suzhou Police Department fire brigade was also set up, which is the only government-run fire fighting organization in Suzhou. Since then, the name has changed time and again, but the Suzhou government-run fire fighting force has always existed. When the government fire brigade was set up, it was only equivalent to a private fire fighting organization. Although its strength later increased, it was still far inferior to the private fire fighting federation. It can be said that private fire fighting organizations almost assume most of the fire prevention and rescue tasks in Suzhou City, while government fire fighting organizations play a guiding role and as a symbol of official power. There are often contradictions and conflicts between civil and civil firefighters, even among fire fighting federations. But on the fundamental problem of effectively preventing and fighting fire, the fusion and cooperation of various fire-fighting organizations is the mainstream. Officials and civil firefighting forces cooperate with each other to jointly maintain the peace and prosperity of Suzhou City. After the Anti-Japanese War, the Fire fighting Federation resumed its organization, which was still stronger than the government fire fighting force, but its development was not smooth. In the third year of demobilization, the Federation was in danger of being abolished, and was able to retain it for the time being, in line with local arguments. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Fire fighting Federation was gradually adapted and eventually taken over by the state fire brigade, and Suzhou's fire service turned a new page. However, government-run fire-fighting forces are not omnipotent, since then other private fire-fighting organizations are still playing a certain role. From the development of private fire fighting organization in Suzhou, it can be seen that every change in Suzhou society will be reflected in the fire protection industry, and the fire fighting industry will also have an impact on Suzhou society. The special environment of Suzhou determines that the private fire protection enterprises in Suzhou are inferior to those in coastal Shanghai, but with the favorable conditions adjacent to Shanghai, the development of private fire services is higher than that of other inland areas. Through the study of private fire protection in Suzhou, we can see clearly that there is no absolute opposition between tradition and modern. The state and society have their own weaknesses, and only when they are combined can they complement each other.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D693.65;K26;K27

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