对民国时期学田权双层分化说的质疑

发布时间：2018-07-05 18:25

本文选题：学田 + 田面权　；参考：《中国社会经济史研究》2014年02期

【摘要】：近代中国学田研究局限在几个小的方面,其中有论者认为近代学田地权普遍发生了双层分化,逐渐形成了公田所有者主要掌握田底权、永佃农主要掌握田面权的双层地权格局,事实并非如此。首先,从学田加租看,民国时期屡有增加课租的举动,并得到了政府的认可与支持;佃农对之激烈反抗,并引发教育行政部门的介入;田租征收是学田所有权的重要体现,而增加田租从某种意义上论,是对佃农田面权的侵夺。其次,从学田佃权看,民国时期推行严禁包佃政策,并引发包佃者的激烈对抗,栖霞寺僧包佃学田事件就是典型;有关佃权的交涉解决方式有二,一是行政裁决,二是司法诉讼,其结果总体上看对佃农不利,毕竟这是官民之争,分散的佃农处于被动、弱势地位,而学田的拥有者可以借助行政权力资源。第三,从管理规章看,民国时期各级政府强化了对学田的管理,各地先后出台了有关学田的管理办法;其内容无论是清查,还是确定租率,以及制约抗租、包佃及转租等,都导致对学田的管理更细化、到位。总上加租、佃权及规章三个方面可知,民国政府逐步强化了对学田的控制,田面权并没有掌握在佃农的手中,所谓双层分化说并非常态。
[Abstract]:The study of Xuetian in modern China is limited in several small aspects, among which some scholars think that the land ownership of modern school fields has generally been divided into two layers, and gradually formed a double layer land ownership pattern in which the owners of public fields mainly grasped the rights to the bottom of the fields, and the permanent tenants mainly held the rights of the land. This is not the case. First of all, from the point of view of Xuetian rent increase, during the period of the Republic of China, there were repeated increases in class rent, which was recognized and supported by the government; the tenant farmers rebelled strongly against it, and triggered the intervention of the educational administration; the land rent collection was an important embodiment of the ownership of Xuetian. The increase of land rent, in a sense, is an encroachment on the sharecropper's land rights. Secondly, from the perspective of Xuetian tenancy right, during the period of the Republic of China, the policy of strictly prohibiting the tenancy of tenancy was carried out and triggered the fierce confrontation among the tenants. The Qixia Temple monk tenancy case is typical; there are two ways to resolve the tenancy right, one is the administrative ruling. Second, judicial proceedings, the results of the overall adverse to tenant farmers, after all, this is a dispute between the government and the people, scattered tenants in a passive, weak position, and the owner of the school field can resort to administrative power resources. Third, from the point of view of management regulations, during the period of the Republic of China, governments at all levels strengthened the management of school fields, and various localities successively issued management measures on school fields; whether their contents were to check up, or to determine the rent rate, as well as to restrict resistance to rent, tenancy and sublease, and so on. Both lead to the management of Xuetian more detailed, in place. In general rent increase tenancy rights and regulations the Republic of China government gradually strengthened the control over the school field and the land area power was not held in the hands of the farmers the so-called double division theory is not the norm.
【作者单位】：河南师范大学历史文化学院;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究2008年度规划项目《清末社会危机与政府应对》(08JA770009)
【分类号】：F329;K258

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