李鸿章与晚清条约研究

发布时间：2018-07-28 15:45

【摘要】：自鸦片战争以后,近代中国在国际关系中出现了一种新的交往模式,即条约关系。在列强的武力胁迫之下,中国被迫订立了一系列不平等条约。而李鸿章自1870年出任直隶总督掌管晚清外交以来,中外重大条约交涉几乎都与他有关。在众多的条约交涉活动中,李鸿章形成了比较系统的条约思想。文章分绪论、正文、结语三部分。绪论部分主要介绍了选题的缘起,学术史回顾,并在现有研究基础上构建了本文的结构、指出了本文的创新与不足,并对所涉及的核心概念进行了界定。正文部分共七章。第一章考察了李鸿章条约活动的思想基因,其中华夷秩序到条约体系的转变是李鸿章条约交涉的时代背景,而传统文化的浸润与近代外交观念的汲取是其条约思想形成的思想因子。传统文化的积淀给予了李鸿章息事怀柔、诚信待人的条约策略合理内核,近代外交理念则为李鸿章条约交涉中实施以理为据提供了斗争手段。两种外交理念的交织不可避免会使李鸿章条约交涉行为及思想打上新旧杂糅的印记。第二章主要探讨了李鸿章对条约关系认同的四个阶段,即19世纪60年代以前的金帛议和,羁縻怀柔；19世纪70年代的羁縻勿绝,恪守条约；19世纪80年代的援例订约,追求平等；19世纪90年代及以后的放弃宗藩,谨守约章。四个阶段体现了李鸿章从传统订约思想到条约公法思想的转变。第三章、第四章则对李鸿章在晚清的主要订约类型进行了系统的梳理与考察。第五章探讨了李鸿章以“诚信”为前提、以“力保和局”为目的、以增强国民守约意识为举措的“谨守约章”思想。这一条约思想,深刻体现了李鸿章与清政府对条约体系在近代国际交往中不可抗逆性的接受与调适。第六章主要通过1867年李鸿章所上《筹议修约事宜折》,阐述了李鸿章以自强为基础的修约观。并对李鸿章因国而异的修约原则,徐图缓之的修约方法以及成效甚微的修约实践进行了一定程度的阐释。第七章主要涉及复杂局势下李鸿章条约交涉的方略,如以理为据、惟力是视、区别对待、以夷制夷、情感沟通。结语部分则结合历史人物评价标准,李鸿章在晚清条约交涉中的地位以及对晚清外交转型的推动等方面对李鸿章的评价进行了再思考,得出了李鸿章条约交涉屈辱是其对条约、公法的过分依赖,对列强本质认识不清的结果,更是时代的局限、国力的孱弱、体制窒碍的结果。
[Abstract]:Since the Opium War, a new mode of communication has emerged in modern China's international relations, namely treaty relations. Under the coercion of the powers, China was forced to conclude a series of unequal treaties. Since Li Hongzhang became governor of Zhili in 1870 in charge of late Qing diplomacy, most of the major treaty negotiations between China and foreign countries were related to him. In many treaty negotiation activities, Li Hongzhang formed a relatively systematic treaty idea. The article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the review of academic history, and on the basis of existing research, constructs the structure of this paper, points out the innovation and shortcomings of this paper, and defines the core concepts involved. There are seven chapters in the text. The first chapter examines the ideological genes of the Li Hongzhang treaty activities. The transformation from the Chinese barbarian order to the treaty system is the background of the Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation. The infiltration of traditional culture and the absorption of modern diplomatic ideas are the ideological factors of the formation of his treaty thought. The accumulation of traditional culture gives Li Hongzhang the reasonable core of the treaty strategy of treating people in good faith, while the modern diplomatic concept provides a means of struggle for the implementation of reason in the negotiation of Li Hongzhang treaties. The interweaving of the two diplomatic concepts will inevitably make the negotiation behavior and thought of Li Hongzhang treaty a mixture of old and new. The second chapter mainly discusses the four stages of Li Hongzhang's recognition of treaty relations, that is, the gold and silk negotiation before the 1860s, the Jimi Huairou, the Jimi in the 1870s, and the agreement between the treaty and the aid contract in the 1880s. The pursuit of equality was the abandonment of the Suzerain in the 1890s and beyond, and the observance of the Charter. The four stages reflect the transformation of Li Hongzhang from traditional contracting to treaty public law. Chapter three, Chapter four systematically combs and inspects the main contracting types of Li Hongzhang in late Qing Dynasty. The fifth chapter discusses the idea of "keeping the covenant", which is based on the premise of "good faith", the purpose of "keeping peace" and the action of strengthening the national consciousness of keeping the covenant. This treaty thought deeply embodies the acceptance and adjustment of Li Hongzhang and Qing government to the irreversibility of the treaty system in modern international communication. The sixth chapter expounds Li Hongzhang's view of treaty revision based on self-strengthening by Li Hongzhang in 1867. It also explains the different principles of Li Hongzhang, Xu Tuzhi's method and the practice of treaty revision with little effect. The seventh chapter mainly deals with the general plan of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation under complex situation, such as taking reason as the basis, giving full attention to it, treating it differently, leveling barbarians and communicating with emotion. The conclusion part combines with the evaluation standard of historical figures, the position of Li Hongzhang in the treaty negotiation of the late Qing Dynasty and the promotion of diplomatic transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The conclusion is that the humiliation of Li Hongzhang treaty negotiation is its treaty. The over-dependence of public law and the result of unclear understanding of the nature of the powers are the result of the limitation of the times, the weakness of national strength and the hindrance of the system.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K252

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