东北三省咨议局、资政院及第一届国会、省议会议员选举考略

发布时间：2018-08-10 18:31

【摘要】：清末,历时两千余年的封建经济逐渐趋向解体，动摇着以此为基础的专制君主政体;伴随着资本主义经济的侵入，为中国人闻所未闻的包括民主、共和、议会这类与资本主义政治文化相应的政治制度知识，被介绍到中国来。从此西方资产阶级议会民主制，成为中国资产阶级追求的政治目标,中国政体的转轨变型，开始了艰难的起步。19世纪40年代议会选举制传入中国，逐渐被中国上层政治精英认识并接受。无论是洋务派中少数人的赞扬和关注，还是早期改良派和维新派的极力追捧，都预示着选举制度在中国晚清的政治实践即将开始。上层政治精英对西方议会选举制度的探索为中国实施选举提供思想支持，晚清政局和社会状况为议会选举制度在中国的实践提供了必要条件。1911年资产阶级革命派领导的辛亥革命推翻了两千多年的封建专制统治，，建立民主共和国——中华民国,中国经过了民主大革命的洗礼，资产阶级革命派取代了封建君主成为中国政坛的主流力量，所以中国是否应该实行民主制度已经不是讨论的重点，问题的关键在于中国如何实现民主。代议制政体是革命派为新建立的中华民国选择的最好道路,清末民初的统治者希望用代议制达到各自的政治目的，在这样的历史背景之下，东北三省与全国其他各省一样拉开了代议制选举的序幕。长久以来虽然没有对于清末民初东北三省议员选举的研究专著问世，但是有关这方面的论文还是有的,这说明一直以来都有人关注清末民初东北三省的民主进程。这些成果有助于我们对近代中国政治变迁进一步深入研究，但是单从东北三省近代政治制度特别是选举制度研究方面看，仍存在许多值得探讨的地方。首先，上述的研究成果绝大部分是在研究清末民初政治及其他问题的时候，附带提及了对东北三省选举情况，此类成果因侧重点不尽相同，对东三省选举制度的论述不够系统或仅点到为止，只有刘会军、吕雪飞的文章对奉天省第一届国会的选举情况进行了具体考察论述，尚没有文章或著作对东北三省的选举制度进行全方位的研究。其次，研究方法比较单一，除少数文章外，绝大多数仍采用传统的历史学研究方法，缺少对比较史学、计量史学、人类学、社会学、民族学等相关研究方法的运用。再次，史料陈旧是清末民初东三省选举研究的一个难题，以往对与这方面的研究限于当时、当地的报纸和《辛亥革命资料汇编》等常见的文献史料，大量的县志、档案、奏折、外文资料和口述史料没有被很好的利用。总之，目前学界关于清末民初东北三省宪政选举过程的研究仍然十分薄弱，多为一些零散的研究，到目前为止还没有一部系统的专著问世，所以为笔者的研究留下较大的探索空间。在绪论部分主要介绍了论文选题的缘起以及当前国内外相关研究现状,并且阐述论文研究主旨与意义、论文研究参考的理论和运用的方法等问题，叙述论文研究的空间、时间范围与研究对象的界定以及对论文的整体框架结构进行概括，最后是对论文研究资料的搜集与整理等问题进行说明。以上内容为后面论文的全面展开做好学术铺垫。清末东北三省咨议局、资政院议员选举是论文的主体之一。这部分首先从清末资政院、咨议局议员选举的社会背景入手，阐述了清末议会制选举思想在中国的传播和发展，清末政局与实施议会制选举的关系，清末东北三省议会制选举的历史条件，然后分析了资政院、咨议局议员选举法制定过程、内容及特点。对于东北三省咨议局、资政院议员选举过程以及对清末东北三省咨议局、资政院议员选举述评作为重点论述了以下内容：选举前的准备、选举过程及结果、选举的经验与不足、选举中社会团体与个人的作用、议员的特点。民国初年东北三省国会、省议会议员选举是论文的另外一个重点。首先从民国初年国会、省议会议员选举的历史条件及选举法令入手，阐述了民初政局既资产阶级革命派民主思想在东北三省的传播及国会、省议会议员选举法令分析。然后进入第三部分的主体东北三省省议会、国会议员选举过程及对其进行评析。主要是六个大问题：选前准备、选举过程及结果、民初选举的先进性、选举中的问题、选举中的政党、议员的特点。本文旨在以东北三省议会制度选举作为研究对象，进行全面系统地研究，对该时期东北三省议会选举制度实行的社会历史条件、选举机构的设置、选民状况、选举制度的具体运行状况和选举结果进行具体的考察，从而分析和论述其特点，从而通过对一个地域的选举制度的研究来折射当时中国选举制度的情况，丰富中国选举制度的研究成果，从一个侧面推进中国近代政治制度史、中国近代政治史的研究。本文的主要观点是，清末民初议会制选举是中国处于社会转型时期的产物，具体来说是中国的社会及政治结构发生变化、全国及东北三省政治形式、传统模式向现代政治模式裂变、中西政治文化交汇等多方面原因共同作用下的结果。东北三省清末民初代议制选举有着鲜明的地方特色，是社会大转型之下，建立与之相适应的社会政治关系的必要组成部分，是适应当时社会发展需要的政治实践活动，为后人积累了政治经验、提供了借鉴。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the feudal economy, which lasted more than 2000 years, gradually disintegrated, shaking the autocratic monarchy based on it. With the invasion of capitalist economy, the knowledge of political system, such as democracy, Republic and parliament, which corresponded to capitalist political culture, was introduced to China. The parliamentary democratic system became the political goal pursued by the Chinese bourgeoisie, and the transformation of the Chinese political system began a difficult start. In the 1940s, the parliamentary electoral system was introduced into China and gradually recognized and accepted by the Chinese upper political elites. It was the praise and concern of the minority in the Westernization School, or the pole of the early reformists and reformists. The exploration of the Western parliamentary electoral system by the upper political elites provided ideological support for the implementation of elections in China. The political situation and social conditions in the late Qing Dynasty provided the necessary conditions for the practice of the parliamentary electoral system in China. The 1911 bourgeois revolutionaries led Xin The Revolution of 1911 overthrew more than 2000 years of feudal autocratic rule and established a democratic republic, the Republic of China. After the baptism of the Great Democratic Revolution, China has replaced the feudal monarchy by the bourgeois revolutionaries and become the mainstream of China's political arena. Therefore, whether China should implement democratic system is no longer the focus of discussion, the key lies in the issue. The representative system of government is the best way for the revolutionaries to choose for the newly-established Republic of China. The rulers of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China hoped to achieve their own political goals with the representative system. Under such historical background, the three northeastern provinces, like other provinces in the country, started the prelude of the representative system of election.
For a long time, there has been no monograph on the election of members of the three northeastern provinces in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, but there are still some papers on this issue, which shows that people have been concerned about the democratic process of the three northeastern provinces in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. First of all, the above-mentioned research results were mostly in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China when studying the political and other issues, incidentally mentioning the situation of elections in the three northeastern provinces, such results due to different emphasis on the three eastern provinces electoral system. Only Liu Huijun and Lu Xuefei have made a detailed investigation and Discussion on the election of the first Congress of Fengtian Province. There are no articles or works on the election system of the three northeastern provinces in an all-round way. Thirdly, the obsolete historical data is a difficult problem in the study of the election in the three eastern provinces in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. In short, the current academic research on the constitutional electoral process in the three northeastern provinces of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China is still very weak, mostly scattered research, so far no systematic monograph has been published, so it is left for the author's research. Larger exploration space.
In the introduction part, the author mainly introduces the origin of the topic selection and the current research situation at home and abroad, and expounds the research purpose and significance of the paper, the theory and application method of the research reference, describes the space, time range and the definition of the research object, and summarizes the overall framework of the paper. Finally, it explains the collection and collation of the research materials of the thesis. The above contents are the academic foundation for the comprehensive development of the later papers. The dissemination and development of the idea of parliamentary elections in China, the relationship between the political situation in the late Qing Dynasty and the implementation of parliamentary elections, and the historical conditions of parliamentary elections in the three northeastern provinces in the late Qing Dynasty are analyzed. Then the formulation process, contents and characteristics of the electoral law for members of the Senate and the Senate are analyzed. The three provincial council, the review of the election of members of the Senate as a focus on the following: pre-election preparations, election process and results, election experience and shortcomings, the role of social groups and individuals in the election, the characteristics of members of parliament. Beginning with the historical conditions and electoral decrees for the election of members of Parliament and provincial councils in the early years of the Republic of China, the dissemination of bourgeois revolutionary democratic ideas in the three northeastern provinces and the analysis of election decrees for members of Parliament and provincial councils were expounded. There are mainly six major issues: pre-election preparation, election process and results, the advanced nature of the early Republican elections, the problems in the elections, the political parties in the elections, and the characteristics of the members of parliament.
The purpose of this paper is to make a comprehensive and systematic study of the elections of the three provincial councils in Northeast China. The social and historical conditions, the establishment of electoral institutions, the voters'conditions, the specific operation of the electoral system and the election results of the electoral system in the three provincial councils in Northeast China during this period are investigated in detail. The main point of this paper is that the parliamentary elections in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China are in the period of social transformation. The result is the change of China's social and political structure, the political form of the whole country and the three northeastern provinces, the fission of the traditional mode to the modern political mode, and the convergence of Chinese and Western political culture. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a suitable social and political relationship, which is a political practice to meet the needs of social development at the present time. It has accumulated political experience and provided a reference for future generations.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K25

【参考文献】