社会变迁中的中国农村婚姻与家庭研究（1950-1985）
发布时间：2018-08-19 10:24
【摘要】： 从新中国成立到改革开放初期的三十五年(1950—1985),中国农村社会经历了土地改革、社会主义改造、人民公社化运动、三年自然灾害、“三级所有、队为基础”管理体制的确立、“四清”、“文革”、家庭联产承包责任制建立等一系列的重大的变动。每一次重大的变革都给中国农村社会带来剧烈的影响:或带来积极的影响,推动农村社会的发展,或带来灾难性的打击,导致了经济的倒退;或对农村少部分人影响巨大,或波及到农村中的多数人;或政治冲击明显,经济和农民生活影响甚小,或政治影响不大,经济和生活受到冲击。在诸多反映农村社会生活变化的因素中,农村社会的婚姻与家庭无疑是其中最重要的因子之一,这也是本文的述论所在。 农村中的婚姻问题。首先,本文探讨了婚姻的准备阶段,即结识、择偶与婚龄。中国农村婚姻结识方式经历了包办婚姻→媒人牵线→中间人介绍→自己结识的发展过程,在新中国成立以后的三十五年里,几个形式都有体现,并且互相交织。从总体上看,中间人介绍是这一时期的主流。在择偶时,农村青年男女在考虑诸多因素的过程中,门当户对是最重要的一条标准。在改革开放前,阶级出身也是择偶时必须考虑的重要因素之一。在婚龄问题上,在新中国成立以后的三十五年中,男女结婚年龄总体上是上升的,大部分地区都已经符合国家婚姻法的规定。其次,讨论婚姻的礼仪。婚前的礼仪一般来说可以分为三个阶段:即提亲、相亲、订婚。在中国农村社会中,婚礼的重要性要强于婚姻登记,青年男女只有办了婚礼以后才能得到农村社会的认同。在建国以后三十多年的历史变迁中,彩礼和嫁妆变化也很大,支付方式逐渐演变为唯一有效而实用的单一形式,即现金。再次,本文涉及婚姻的解体,即离婚。从20世纪50年代以来,中国农村的婚姻保持着极低的离婚率,这与改革开放的今天都存在着很大的差别。在分析诸多离婚率低的原因之时,农村社会网络和法律的调节程度是最重要的原因之一。到了70年代末期,随着离婚调节程序更替、人口流动增加、大众传媒方式改变和生活质量的变化,中国农村社会的离婚率明显提高。最后讨论的是婚姻圈。从新中国成立到改革开放初期,中国农村社会的婚姻圈经过了一个循环变化的过程。婚姻圈的外沿由大变小,再变大;婚姻圈内核中心地带先是由内聚发展到均化、再内聚。20世纪50年代的婚姻圈和改革开放初期的婚姻圈具有极大的相似之处。 农村中的家庭问题。首先讨论家庭的结构和规模。从家庭结构上看,20世纪以来,中国农村家庭小型化趋势加剧。从新中国成立以后,由于中国农村兄弟分家提前,核心家庭和主干家庭占据着绝大多数比例。从家庭规模上看,在1950年代和改革开放初期户均人口向小型化发展,不过1962年以后,是一个家庭规模的增长时期,一直持续到70年代末期。其次讨论的是家庭的功能和家庭关系。在家庭功能上,中国农村社会的家庭一般具有经济功能、生育和性生活功能、教育和抚养功能、赡养功能等多种形式,在新中国成立以后的三十五年中,家庭功能的表现形式有很大差异。在家庭关系上,主要讨论了夫妻关系、亲子关系和婆媳关系。从总体上看,家庭内部的关系不断向民主化方向发展,妇女和子女的地位不断提高。最后是家庭生命周期与分家析户。在新中国成立以后,家庭的生长周期的变化出现新的特点,直系联合家庭不再出现,家庭生命周期由繁变简。分家析户问题是和家庭生命周期紧密相连的,分家析户的越早,家庭的生长周期就越短。 通过对三十五年中国农村婚姻与家庭的讨论,本文认为:首先,国家对农村社会婚姻与家庭的影响是显而易见的,这种影响曾经迫使传统的以血缘关系为基础的社会等级和社会结构边缘化,农民的私人生活领域也受到重大影响。其次,在这一历史时间段内,社会变迁和社会延续这两种趋势在新中国成立以后农村社会的婚姻与家庭中都有所体现,这两种截然相反的发展趋势在建国以后的三十五年内相互共存,社会变迁中的变与社会延续中的不变交织于整个农村社会之中。最后,婚姻家庭的建立是农村社会网络搭建,创建熟人社会网络的重要途径。新中国成立以后,应该说原有的农村关系网络并没有消亡,而是通过农村社会的婚姻与家庭形式,顽强的存在。改革开放初期的农村社会网络在扩大的同时,这种网络变得松动和脆弱。在现代建设新农村社会之时,这一点无疑值得思考。
[Abstract]:From the founding of New China to the early thirty-five years of reform and opening-up (1950-1985), China's rural society has undergone a series of reforms in land, socialist transformation, the people's commune movement, three years of natural disasters, the establishment of a management system based on "three levels of ownership and teams", the establishment of the "four Qing Dynasty", "cultural revolution" and the establishment of the household contract responsibility system. Great changes. Every major change has brought about drastic impact on rural society in China: either a positive impact on the development of rural society, or a catastrophic blow, leading to economic regression; or a huge impact on a small number of people in the countryside, or to the majority of people in the countryside; or obvious political shock, economic and peasants. Among the many factors that reflect the changes of rural social life, marriage and family are undoubtedly one of the most important factors, which is also where this article is discussed.
Firstly, this paper discusses the preparatory stage of marriage, that is, meeting, choosing spouse and age of marriage. The way of marriage in China's rural areas has experienced the development process of arranged marriage, matchmaker's lead, intermediary introduction and self-acquaintance. In the 35 years since the founding of New China, several forms have been embodied and intertwined. Generally speaking, the introduction of intermediaries is the mainstream of this period. In the process of choosing a spouse, young men and women in rural areas are the most important criterion in considering many factors. Secondly, the discussion of marriage etiquette can generally be divided into three stages: marriage, blind date and engagement. In rural China, the importance of marriage is stronger than marriage registration, and young men and women only have to hold weddings. In the past 30 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, betrothal gifts and dowry have changed greatly, and the mode of payment has gradually evolved into the only effective and practical single form, namely cash. Thirdly, this paper deals with the dissolution of marriage, that is, divorce. Since the 1950s, marriage in rural China has remained extremely low. The divorce rate is very different from that of today's reform and opening-up. In the analysis of many reasons for the low divorce rate, one of the most important reasons is the degree of adjustment of rural social networks and laws. By the end of the 1970s, with the replacement of divorce adjustment procedures, the population flow increased, the way of mass media changed and the quality of life changed. From the founding of New China to the early stage of reform and opening up, the marriage circle in rural China has undergone a cyclical process of change. The marriage circle in 50s is very similar to the marriage circle in the early stage of reform and opening up.
Family problems in rural areas. First of all, the structure and scale of the family are discussed. From the perspective of family structure, the trend of miniaturization of rural families in China has intensified since the 20th century. In the early years of the Reform and Opening-up, the average household population tended to be small, but after 1962, it was a period of family size growth that lasted until the late 1970s. The second part discussed the family functions and family relations. In the thirty-five years since the founding of New China, there have been great differences in the manifestations of family functions. In family relations, the relationship between husband and wife, between parents and children and between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law has been discussed. After the founding of New China, the change of family growth cycle appears new characteristics, the United families no longer appear, and the family life cycle is simplified from complicated. The problem of family separation is closely related to the family life cycle. The earlier the family separation is, the shorter the family growth cycle.
After 35 years of discussion on marriage and family in rural China, this paper holds that, firstly, the influence of the state on marriage and family in rural society is obvious, which once forced the marginalization of traditional social hierarchy and social structure based on consanguinity, and the private life of peasants has also been greatly affected. In this historical period, the two trends of social change and social continuity have been reflected in the marriage and family of rural society since the founding of New China. These two opposite trends coexist within 35 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the changes in social change and the constant in social continuity intertwine with the whole rural society. In the end, the establishment of marriage and family is an important way to set up the rural social network and to create acquaintances'social network. Such a network has become loose and fragile. It is doubtless worth considering when building a new rural society in modern times.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K27
本文编号：2191381
[Abstract]:From the founding of New China to the early thirty-five years of reform and opening-up (1950-1985), China's rural society has undergone a series of reforms in land, socialist transformation, the people's commune movement, three years of natural disasters, the establishment of a management system based on "three levels of ownership and teams", the establishment of the "four Qing Dynasty", "cultural revolution" and the establishment of the household contract responsibility system. Great changes. Every major change has brought about drastic impact on rural society in China: either a positive impact on the development of rural society, or a catastrophic blow, leading to economic regression; or a huge impact on a small number of people in the countryside, or to the majority of people in the countryside; or obvious political shock, economic and peasants. Among the many factors that reflect the changes of rural social life, marriage and family are undoubtedly one of the most important factors, which is also where this article is discussed.
Firstly, this paper discusses the preparatory stage of marriage, that is, meeting, choosing spouse and age of marriage. The way of marriage in China's rural areas has experienced the development process of arranged marriage, matchmaker's lead, intermediary introduction and self-acquaintance. In the 35 years since the founding of New China, several forms have been embodied and intertwined. Generally speaking, the introduction of intermediaries is the mainstream of this period. In the process of choosing a spouse, young men and women in rural areas are the most important criterion in considering many factors. Secondly, the discussion of marriage etiquette can generally be divided into three stages: marriage, blind date and engagement. In rural China, the importance of marriage is stronger than marriage registration, and young men and women only have to hold weddings. In the past 30 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, betrothal gifts and dowry have changed greatly, and the mode of payment has gradually evolved into the only effective and practical single form, namely cash. Thirdly, this paper deals with the dissolution of marriage, that is, divorce. Since the 1950s, marriage in rural China has remained extremely low. The divorce rate is very different from that of today's reform and opening-up. In the analysis of many reasons for the low divorce rate, one of the most important reasons is the degree of adjustment of rural social networks and laws. By the end of the 1970s, with the replacement of divorce adjustment procedures, the population flow increased, the way of mass media changed and the quality of life changed. From the founding of New China to the early stage of reform and opening up, the marriage circle in rural China has undergone a cyclical process of change. The marriage circle in 50s is very similar to the marriage circle in the early stage of reform and opening up.
Family problems in rural areas. First of all, the structure and scale of the family are discussed. From the perspective of family structure, the trend of miniaturization of rural families in China has intensified since the 20th century. In the early years of the Reform and Opening-up, the average household population tended to be small, but after 1962, it was a period of family size growth that lasted until the late 1970s. The second part discussed the family functions and family relations. In the thirty-five years since the founding of New China, there have been great differences in the manifestations of family functions. In family relations, the relationship between husband and wife, between parents and children and between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law has been discussed. After the founding of New China, the change of family growth cycle appears new characteristics, the United families no longer appear, and the family life cycle is simplified from complicated. The problem of family separation is closely related to the family life cycle. The earlier the family separation is, the shorter the family growth cycle.
After 35 years of discussion on marriage and family in rural China, this paper holds that, firstly, the influence of the state on marriage and family in rural society is obvious, which once forced the marginalization of traditional social hierarchy and social structure based on consanguinity, and the private life of peasants has also been greatly affected. In this historical period, the two trends of social change and social continuity have been reflected in the marriage and family of rural society since the founding of New China. These two opposite trends coexist within 35 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the changes in social change and the constant in social continuity intertwine with the whole rural society. In the end, the establishment of marriage and family is an important way to set up the rural social network and to create acquaintances'social network. Such a network has become loose and fragile. It is doubtless worth considering when building a new rural society in modern times.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K27
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前3条
1 张洁;婚姻消费与村落社会文化变迁[D];西南大学;2011年
2 李保燕;集体化时代农民婚姻行为研究[D];山西大学;2012年
3 李文钢;当代佤族男性择偶研究[D];云南大学;2012年
，本文编号：2191381
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