晚清国人对政体问题的认识

发布时间：2018-08-19 10:54

【摘要】：鸦片战争前后少数国人对西方的议会、选举、总统等制度做了初步的介绍和较高的评价。洋务运动时期国人对列强政体有进一步认识,此时期西方的议院已经是常常提到的概念。早期改良派认为西方列强的富国之本在于开设议院。他们对西方议会的认识还是初步的,尚未把它视为立法机关,谈不上君主立宪思想。维新思想家在维新变法时期已经提出君主立宪思想,明确提出要“开国会定宪法”,但康梁在百日维新期间的建言与之前的言论并不一致,这是因为由于对政体的认识落实到实践层面,为应对现实所做的变通。清末新政初期,国人对政体的认识大体分为立宪、共和及守旧三派。此一期,统治者对君主专制政体自身有所改良,革命派和立宪派论战不休,双方实质上还没有共同的前提。预备立宪时期,国人对政体的认识已经进入实践阶段,各派认识趋于成熟。统治者内部激烈争论,立宪派和革命派也进行论战。但这一期对政体的改革已关涉统治者根本利益,统治者为自己利益打算引起各方不满。晚清政体转型的失败的根本原因是国家利益和王朝利益的冲突。统而言之,具体制度变革逼出对整体制度的要求。早期的中国人逐渐认识到,以议会制度为特点的西方国家政体是西方国家富强的根本原因。在认识层面晚清国人基于国家本位对西方立宪政体赋予工具理性意义,以便使国家臻于富强文明,这一点改良思想家、维新思想家和立宪派、革命派都是相通的。
[Abstract]:Before and after the Opium War, a small number of Chinese made a preliminary introduction and high evaluation to the western parliamentary, election, president and other systems. During the Westernization Movement, Chinese people had a better understanding of the great powers. The early reformists believed that the rich countries of the Western powers were based on the opening of parliaments. Their understanding of Western parliaments is still preliminary, not as a legislature, not as constitutional monarchy. During the reform period, the reform thinkers put forward the idea of constitutional monarchy and explicitly proposed to "establish the Constitution of the National Assembly." however, Kang Liang's advice during the hundred days of reform was not consistent with his previous remarks. This is because the understanding of the regime to the practical level, to adapt to reality. At the beginning of the New deal in the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese people's understanding of the polity was divided into three groups: constitutionalism, republicanism and conservatism. In this issue, the rulers improved the autocratic monarchy, and the revolutionaries and constitutionalists argued endlessly, and the two sides had no common premise in essence. In the preparatory constitutional period, Chinese people's understanding of the regime has entered a practical stage, the understanding of various parties tend to mature. There were fierce debates within the rulers, and the constitutionalists and revolutionaries also debated. But this reform of the regime has a bearing on the fundamental interests of the rulers, the rulers intend to cause dissatisfaction for their own interests. The fundamental reason for the failure of the regime transformation in the late Qing Dynasty was the conflict between the national interest and the dynastic interest. On the whole, the specific institutional change forces the requirement to the whole system. The early Chinese gradually realized that the western political system characterized by the parliamentary system was the fundamental reason for the prosperity and strength of the western countries. On the cognitive level, the Chinese people in the late Qing Dynasty endowed the western constitutionalism with the instrumental rational meaning based on the national standard, in order to make the country become rich and strong civilization. This point is that the reformist thinkers, the reform thinkers, the constitutionalists and the revolutionaries are all interlinked.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252;D691

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