晚清在英属殖民地设置领事馆研究
发布时间：2018-08-20 12:44
【摘要】：领事馆是近代发展的产物，并随着国家之间的联系日益的紧密而不断发展。随着现代交通工具的出现，国家之间的距离越来越小。国家之间和国际社会的经贸往来日益频繁，领事馆的作用也是日益凸显。中国最早在国外设置领事馆是在清末。作为历史上最后一个封建皇朝，一直施行“闭关锁国”的海禁政策。为什么在这个时候，顺应历史的潮流——在海外设置领事馆。海禁政策瓦解和清政府对华侨态度的转变。清初的时候，满清贵族要面临着严峻的形势，从维持国内的统治出发，施行严厉“海禁”政策。后来因为鸦片战争的失败，被迫开放沿海各地通商口岸。随后越来越多的国家在通商口岸设置领事馆。随着奴隶贸易的结束，殖民大国大规模在华招工，导致大量的华工出国。这样，清初“海禁”政策自然就瓦解。大量华人（工）到达英属殖民地——新加坡（马来亚）、澳大利亚、加拿大、南非。然后分别论述清政府在这些英国殖民地设置领事馆的前前后后的过程。普遍的步骤是殖民地金矿主在华招工，然后就是大量的华人出国。华工在当地工作又受到不同程度的虐待和剥削。最后清政府再三考虑，决定在当地设置领事馆。最后，总体上评价清末设置领事馆的作用。尽管当时清政府已经处于灭亡的边沿，没有什么精力和时间去管理和保护领事馆和海外华侨。但是领事馆毕竟是外交现代化一个标志，这也证明了清政府已经是意识到这个问题的所在。只不过确实没有能力去做到，因此不能苛求一个内忧外患的清政府还能做出更大的成绩。同时清政府设置领事馆的目的也是各不一样。从世界诸多的惯例来看，设置领事馆首先是保护当地侨胞和商业利益。当时晚清政府也存在这方面的动机。同时，晚清设置领事馆还有政治原因。在清末，维新派和革命派接二连三地在国内发动变法和革命。为了争夺海外华侨的支持，也派了不少人到海外进行招揽。清政府得知之后，也对海外华侨采取一系列的措施。在马来西亚、新加坡和澳大利亚设置领事馆主要是出于经济和政治两方面的原因。在南非和加拿大主要是倾向维护“大国”的体面，，防止出现类似于美国和秘鲁虐待华工事件的出现。
[Abstract]:Consulate is the product of modern development, and with the increasingly close ties between countries and continue to develop. With the emergence of modern means of transportation, the distance between countries is becoming smaller and smaller. Economic and trade exchanges between countries and the international community are increasingly frequent, and the role of consulates is becoming increasingly prominent. China first set up consulates abroad in the late Qing Dynasty. As the last feudal imperial dynasty in history, the policy of "closing the door to the outside world" has been implemented all the time. Why, at this time, follow the tide of history-setting up consulates overseas. The disintegration of the sea ban policy and the change of the Qing government's attitude towards overseas Chinese. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Manchu aristocrats were faced with a severe situation. Later, because of the defeat of the Opium War, it was forced to open ports of trade around the coast. Then more and more countries set up consulates at trade ports. With the end of the slave trade, colonial powers hired workers in China on a large scale, leading to a large number of Chinese workers going abroad. In this way, the early Qing Dynasty, the "sea ban" policy will naturally collapse. Large numbers of Chinese arrive in British colonies-Singapore (Malaya), Australia, Canada, South Africa. Then the Qing government set up consulates in these British colonies before and after the process. The common step was for colonial gold miners to recruit workers in China, followed by large numbers of Chinese going abroad. At the same time, Chinese workers were abused and exploited in different degrees. Finally, the Qing government thought twice and decided to set up a consulate in the area. Finally, the role of setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty was evaluated in general. Although the Qing government was on the brink of extinction, it had little energy and time to manage and protect consulates and overseas Chinese. But the consulate is a symbol of diplomatic modernization, which proves that the Qing government is aware of the problem. It's just that there is no capacity to do it, so we can't expect an internal and external government to do more. At the same time, the Qing government set up consulates for different purposes. According to many world conventions, consulates are set up to protect local overseas Chinese and business interests. At that time, the late Qing government also had this motive. At the same time, there were political reasons for setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, the reformists and revolutionaries launched reforms and revolutions one after another in the country. In order to compete for the support of overseas Chinese, also sent a lot of people overseas to recruit. After the Qing government learned about it, it also took a series of measures against overseas Chinese. Consulates in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia are mainly for economic and political reasons. In South Africa and Canada there is a tendency to preserve the dignity of "big countries" and prevent incidents of abuse of Chinese workers similar to those in the United States and Peru.
【学位授予单位】：暨南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252
本文编号：2193646
[Abstract]:Consulate is the product of modern development, and with the increasingly close ties between countries and continue to develop. With the emergence of modern means of transportation, the distance between countries is becoming smaller and smaller. Economic and trade exchanges between countries and the international community are increasingly frequent, and the role of consulates is becoming increasingly prominent. China first set up consulates abroad in the late Qing Dynasty. As the last feudal imperial dynasty in history, the policy of "closing the door to the outside world" has been implemented all the time. Why, at this time, follow the tide of history-setting up consulates overseas. The disintegration of the sea ban policy and the change of the Qing government's attitude towards overseas Chinese. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Manchu aristocrats were faced with a severe situation. Later, because of the defeat of the Opium War, it was forced to open ports of trade around the coast. Then more and more countries set up consulates at trade ports. With the end of the slave trade, colonial powers hired workers in China on a large scale, leading to a large number of Chinese workers going abroad. In this way, the early Qing Dynasty, the "sea ban" policy will naturally collapse. Large numbers of Chinese arrive in British colonies-Singapore (Malaya), Australia, Canada, South Africa. Then the Qing government set up consulates in these British colonies before and after the process. The common step was for colonial gold miners to recruit workers in China, followed by large numbers of Chinese going abroad. At the same time, Chinese workers were abused and exploited in different degrees. Finally, the Qing government thought twice and decided to set up a consulate in the area. Finally, the role of setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty was evaluated in general. Although the Qing government was on the brink of extinction, it had little energy and time to manage and protect consulates and overseas Chinese. But the consulate is a symbol of diplomatic modernization, which proves that the Qing government is aware of the problem. It's just that there is no capacity to do it, so we can't expect an internal and external government to do more. At the same time, the Qing government set up consulates for different purposes. According to many world conventions, consulates are set up to protect local overseas Chinese and business interests. At that time, the late Qing government also had this motive. At the same time, there were political reasons for setting up consulates in the late Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, the reformists and revolutionaries launched reforms and revolutions one after another in the country. In order to compete for the support of overseas Chinese, also sent a lot of people overseas to recruit. After the Qing government learned about it, it also took a series of measures against overseas Chinese. Consulates in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia are mainly for economic and political reasons. In South Africa and Canada there is a tendency to preserve the dignity of "big countries" and prevent incidents of abuse of Chinese workers similar to those in the United States and Peru.
【学位授予单位】：暨南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 彭家礼;;清末英国为南非金矿招募华工始末[J];历史研究;1983年03期
本文编号：2193646
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